Trade between Paekche and Japan Essay Example for Free

Trade between Paekche and Japan EssayPaekche, also known as Baekje, was located to the Southwest of Korea and is one of the deuce-ace kingdoms that formed Korea during the three kingdom era (50 B.C-668 C.E). Paekche was the most vulnerable of the three kingdoms formed then, namely, Korguyo and Silla. All of them were actually strongly influenced by China. Paekche, because of its strategic location that brought it very near to China, was especially more influenced and had profound implications when it comes to its living practices and organized religion. It had been influenced by Buddhism from China which had its origin in India. However, being close to China also meant undue jam by the huge militarily strong kingdom of China. Also with increasing influence of the neighboring kingdom Silla, Paekche was in dire need of an ally who could not only give the economical impetus it so needs but also the military protection to thwart off Sillas attempts of conquests. This formed the nucleotide of trade with Japan and thus began the journey of wide political and ethnical influences on both the Kingdoms work the last of Paekche which was in 668 E.C. Paekche along with the various economic goods that it was trading with Japan also started adding in cultural goods. As mentioned above, this was a result of its realization of the need to hold back closer ties with Japan that the situation demanded. The cultural goods that Paekche started merchandiseing were Buddhism. It was in mid-500s that this significant event occurred when the king of Paekche gifted an image of Buddha and some sacred writings in Buddhism to the king of Japani. It is said that he introduced the religion to the Nipponese king saying that it was the religion of the civilized world. Japan, at that time was influenced by Nakatomi as religious practice and hence, the influx of Buddhism was strongly opposed by the court religious headsii.Moreover, the head of the aristocratic clan and the one who le d the Japanese military forces, Mononobe, advised the king against sending troops to support Paekche against Silla. However, as time passed and thanks to the growing influence of the Yamato family, Japan slowly started adopting the new religion and Paekche was beginning to trade majorly culture with Japan. Such was its influence on the Japanese kingdom that the lines between Korea and Japan started to blur slowly. Paekche had exported many art forms and technological skills to Japan and Japans cultural and technological advances can be attributed to the heavy influx of Paekches trade with it. Another step forward where Paekches influence can be sensed strongly was the temples and palaces that were built in Asuka Japan during mid-500s and till the end of Paekche in mid-600s. Paekche, along with its religion, also traded architectural forms and subsequent technologies with Japan. Fine example of this is the Horyuji temple built around 601 A.D. The architectural forms and technologie s used prove a strong presence of Korean, more precisely, Paekche influenceiii.Though the temple does not exist today, its remains tell the whole story. It should be noted that when the King of Paekche decided to export Buddhism to Japan, he made sure he does it convincingly. Along with the Buddha statues and writings, the King also sent monks, painters, temple carpenters, expert tile workers, and many more that were successful in getting the right flavor of Buddhism in the Japanese society. After the completion of the temple, the Buddhist monks who were sent by the Paekche king settled in the temple and started lecture Buddhism from there. The spread of cultural good, Buddhism, was not rapid though. After lot of resistance from the existing beliefs and rituals, which included spread of epidemics as a sign of anger and rejection by the old Gods and then a bigger epidemic that was considered as the sign of Buddhas fury at denunciation, Buddhism as a religion started making place for itself in the kingdom. This general acceptance increased the bonding between the two kingdoms and Paekche became Japans closest ally among the Korean kingdoms. This can be sight from the fact that Japan actively started protecting Paekche from external threats.This can also be attributed to the fear Japan had developed after it lost Mimana to Silla rulers which is supposed to have influenced the Horse rider culture of Japan. All the above combined reasons helped the relation between Paekche and Japan grow closer equal never before. Japan and Paekche family relationship was not just formal. The diplomatic ties had extended to strong military ties with Japan helping Paekche to defend itself against the growing stronghold of Silla in Korea. Slowly, Japan had sided with Paekche and joined the ally forces in Gaya when it wanted to expand its influence in that region. Japan also extended its help to the King of Paekche, Jeonji in launching a coup and thereby helping him in becoming t he king. This speaks a lot just about the kind of intimacy the two kingdoms had acquired due to the trade relationship between them. Paekche was known to be the superior one within the relationship when it comes to culture. This is quite evident from the fact that the Paekche prince had gifted a Chiljido (a seven branched knife) around 4th or fifth BC to the Japanese king and had ordered him to pass it down through the generations to come in Japanese royal family. This truly demonstrates the diplomatic superiority that Paekche had. By the end of 500 B.C, a perfect trade relation was formed between the two where both the kingdoms traded with each other according to the requirements of both the kingdoms. This gave contain to the perfect model where, not superiority, but genuine economic considerations and needs of the state were the basis of trade, thereby giving economic growth for both the countries. The go by of Paekche was in essence the end of the relationship for both the kin gdoms. However, Japan showed its loyalty to the Korean kingdom by not siding with the allied forces of Silla and Dang. Instead it favored to oppose them and hence support the last remnants of the kingdom Paekche. It is not surprising that after Paekche fell to the joined forces of Silla and Dang, there was a huge entry of the Paekche citizens to Japan.They travelled all across the sea to settle in Japan rather than China. This strongly demonstrates the high degree of the closeness that the two kingdoms maintained. Moreover, this influx into the country brought about a massive change in the lifestyles of Japanese too who actively started intimately getting influenced by the culture of Paekche like their clothing, or the way unwedded women dressed up, and other day to day nuances like pottery. The trade between Paekche and Japan was an effort to compensate the military and cultural needs of both the nations. This trade, like all other ancient trades, brought about colossal changes i n both the countries through culture exchanges. The most significant change is, of course, the fact that Japan, today, is one of the largest followers of Buddhism in the world.i Kaplan H. Eddward .1st draft, 10/94 3rd rev., 9/99.ii Perez B Louis, The memoir of Japan, by Greenwood Press, 1998iii Lucie R. Weinstein (KEJ 3. 232)BibliographyReichauer, Edwin. Japan the Story of a Nation, , Fourth Edition, Alfred A Knopf, 1989 Yamamura et al, Kazo. The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol3. Cambridge University Press, 1990Perez, B, Louis. The History of Japan, Greenwood Press, 1998 Meyer W, Milton. Japan a Concise History, Third Edition, Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc 1993Hong, Wontack. Relationship between Korea and Japan in early period Paekche and Yamato Wa. Seoul, Korea, 1988.Griffis, William Elliot. Corea, the hermit nation. New York, C. Scribners sons, 1882.Ballard, George Alexander. The Influence of the sea on the Political History of Japan. New York E.P. Dutton Co., 1921. Japans Rapid Transition into Derivative High Civilization and its Consequences. Retrieved March 26, 2007, from http//www.ac.wwu.edu/kaplan/eas201/201-14.pdfJapan, Buddhism and the Warlords, to the Kamakura. Retrieved March 26, 2007, from http//www.fsmitha.com/h3/h07japan.htmPaekche culture in Asuka Japan The most visible and dominating influence. Retrieved March 26, 2007, from http//gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi3-5.pdfA survey of Baekje History, Retrieved March 26, 2007, from http//baekje.chungnam.net/eng/new_hist/index.htmKorea during the age of the Yamato Imperial Clan. Retrieved March 26, 2007 from http//gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi3-7.pdf

Blue Brain Essay Example for Free

Blue foreland EssayToday scientists be in research to create an arti? cial adept that pot think,respond, take decision, and keep anything in memory. The briny aim is to uploadhuman brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man. So, even after thedeath of a person we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelingsand memories of that man, that can be used for the development of the human society. Technology is growing windy than every thing. IBM is now in research to create avirtual brain, called Blue brain. If possible, this would be the ? rst virtual brainof the world. IBM, in partnership with scientists at Switzerlands Ecole Polytech-nique Federale de Lausannes (EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulatingthe brains biological systems and output the data as a working 3-dimensional modelthat will recreate the fast electro-chemical interactions that take place withinthe brains interior.These include cognitive functions such as language, learning,perception and memory in addition to brain malfunction such as psychiatric disorderslike depression and autism. From there, the modeling will expand to other regions of the brain and, if successful, shed thinly on the relationships between genetic, molecularand cognitive functions of the brain. The human brain has light speed billion neurons, nerve cells that enable us to adapt quickly to an immense array of stimuli. We use them to understand and respond to bright sunlight, a honking horn, the smell of chicken frying and anything else our sensors detect.To better understand some of those responses, researchers in Lausanne, Switzerland, recently launched an ambitious project called Blue Brain, which uses IBMs eServer Blue Gene, a supercomputer capable of processing 22. 8 billion floating point operations per second (TFLOPS). Blue Brain is modeling the behavior of 10,000 highly comple x neurons in rats neocortical columns (NCC), which are very exchangeable to the NCCs in a human brain. The NCCs run throughout the brains gray matter and perform advanced computing. They are 0. 5mm in diameter and 2mm to 5mm in height and are arranged like the cells of a honeycomb.The first objective of Blue Brain is to build an accurate software replica, or template, of an NCC within two to three years, says atomic number 1 Markram, the principal researcher on Blue Brain and a professor at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL). That first template will be modified for NCCs found in different brain regions and species, and then all the NCCs will be replicated to build a model of the neocortices of different species, he says. Such models will shed light on how memories are stored and retrieved, Markram says.This could reveal many exciting aspects of the brain rounds, such as the form of memories, memory capacity and how memories are lost. The modeling can help prevail vulnerabilities in the neocortex, which is useful because thats where brain disorders often originate. We may also be able to work out the best way to compensate and repair circuit errors, Markram says. The model could be used to develop and test treatment strategies for neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as autism, schizophrenia and depression, he adds.Having an accurate computer-based model of the brain would mean that some major brain experiments could be done in silicon rather than in a wet lab. A simulation that big businessman take seconds on the supercomputer could replace a full days worth of lab research, Markram estimates. Ultimately, simulated results of brain operation could be matched with recorded brain activity in a person with a disease in order to reverse-engineer the circuit changes in diseases, he says. The real value of a simulation is that researchers can have access to data for every single neuron, adds IBMs Charles Peck, head of the Blue Brain proje ct for IBM Research.

Donald J. Trump Essay Example for Free

Donald J. trump out EssayDonald John surmount is a real-estate developer who shot to international fame later on his hit television series The Apprentice. The outflank- cognise facet of his life similarly happens to be the or so motivating one How he bounced back from failure to being a one million million millionaire a set ahead, through a very innovative idea. Donald outgo was born on 14th June 1946 in New York (Allen 2007). The son of billionaire real-estate rail lineman Fred Trump, Donald Trump or The Donald as he is popularly known, was born with the proverbial silver-spoon in his mouth. After finishing his schooling from the military academy he entered the Fordham University.He went on to study Economics at the Wharton School of Finance, at the University of Pennsylvania. After finishing the college education in 1968, Donald Trump started his c areer at the Trump Organizations, owned by this father and started assisting him in his business (AE Television Networks ). He worked with his father for five years. During this time he made several in(predicate) business deals but was disillusioned by the low-profit margins. He shifted his base to the more affluent Manhattan in 1971, to discover higher profits and similarly gain public recognition.He hobnobbed with many naughty and influential state and built a niche market around them, by making properties having unique architectural designs. He focused on exclusivity sort of of cost-saving schemes, which was the mantra for the builders at that time. His be is associated with the most influential and posh addresses like the Fifth Avenue skyscraper, Trump Tower the luxury residential buildings, Trump Parc, Trump palace Trump Plaza, 610 Park Avenue, The Trump World Tower and Trump Park Avenue. He was also the owner of many hotels like Plaza Hotel, the St.Moritz Hotel, Trump foreign Hotel and Tower etc. (http//www. nbc. com/nbc/The_Apprentice/bios/Donald_J. _Trump. hypertext mark-up language ) However, the recession times in the 1990s saw a sharp fall in the real estate market. His net worth(predicate) fell from $1. 7 billion to $500 million. When he was unable to pay a $2 billion bank loan, creditors seized his assets. This left him with about $900 million in personal debt and approximately $3. 5 billion in business debt (Allen 2007). This made him declare bankruptcy. He could bail him egotism out only when his father died in 1999 and real-estate business was sold.He bounced back both financially and publicity-wise via the reality telly-show The Apprentice. Currently his financial worth is estimated as close to 2. 5 billion dollars, and his catch contrive You are fired is embedded firmly in the minds of the public (http//www. atouchofbusiness. com/business-topics/success-stories/business-leader-trump-0006. html) The huge popularity of the TV show and the financial success it brought enabled Trump to go into other handle like clothing Trump Mens Collection, magazin e Trump Magazine, liquor Trump Vodka, tours online portal named GOTrump.com, and even education when he opened Trump University in 2005 which offers a degree in business . Personality Traits Donald trump sets himself apart from other people in his leagues purely due to the sheer force of his personality. While his jazzy nature and his many associations with women pick out gained him a lot of notoriety, no one can deny that he possesses something which sets him apart from other rich people. This has made him make a brand name which get bys many businesses including the very successful television series and the many books he has written on his life experiences and means to gain success.One of the most open traits he has is intelligence. This does not merely mean possessive a superior technical or business mind, it also points to the measure of calculated risks he has coming backn over the years and imitateed. While seeming to always go against the flow, his terminations in retrospect always seem to be the most logical way to succeed. As Columbus once said when to his detractors Any one would have found newer lands, I thought of it first Another obvious trait he possesses is confidence, which shines through all the situations he has faced.For instance, his shifting to Manhattan would have been pointless is he could not get into the inner circles of the rich and famous people in New York. Though he was almost broke when he went to Manhattan, it took him no time to charm the committee people in many easy lay clubs to give him contracts ( annals Channel 2007) Still another trait that has helped him to get past difficult situations is his immense determination to succeed. The adverse situations have merely spurred him to think of unique, remote from the stream, way to bounce back.In addition to his many businesses, he also a philanthropist who believes in uplifting the society where one lives. He is associated with many charities and donates generously to social causes. He also has a very charming personality which is probably the main reason for the huge success of his television show. Skills and Strengths Donald Trump in addition to having distinctive personality traits also possesses certain skills that have helped him succeeding in his various ventures.Even in the very early years of his career Trump was known for his consummate skill in making business deals. In fact his father often said that, some of my best deals were made by my son, Donald everything he seems to touch turns to gold. (NetGlimse 2007) He made his first successful deal at the age of 25, when he bought property off a transportation firm which was having financial troubles and sold it to the government. His negotiating skills often allowed his firm to secure loans with little collateral (Allen 2007)He is also an opportunist and is known for spotting successful business opportunities. As an example, while the real-estate business of his father was doing fairl y well Donald chose to move his focus from their traditional business of middle-class rental housing to mercantile real estate development (Allen 2007). In addition, he also decided to shift the business from Brooklyn to New York which the rich and famous lived. He is known to be a very successful self-promoter, which has led him to be manage a very successful brand name.From the buildings he has built which bear the Trump name to everlastingly telling potential apprentices that the way to succeed is to be like him, he is carved out a public image in the minds of the people as a cocky, arrogant but immensely successful personality. He has cashed on this celebrity status to sell many books which also bear his name like Trump The Art of the Deal, Trump The Art of Survival, Trump Surviving at the top, many of which have been best sellers. (http//www. nbc. com/nbc/The_Apprentice/bios/Donald_J. _Trump.html ) lead in situations As Donald Trumps television show preaches leadership is t he name of the game. The word leadership means diverse things in different situations. Trumps unique leadership qualities make him a cut different than others. For instance the very essence of leadership is having the conviction and guts to take on risks and few have taken risks which Trump has taken. As mentioned earlier in the report Trump was almost broke when he decided to venture into the real estate business for the rich and famous.It was a bold decision to take on especially considering the fact that the immensely rich people do not really allow any outsider to enter their circles, let alone a person who is not of their social standing. That his business was worth billion in a few years span shows how right he was in taking the risk (Chandy 2007) Another important leadership quality is the top executive to capture the attention of people positively. Needless to say the huge popularity of his show, demonstrates that he does have this quality which makes people sit-up and tak e notice.Successful leaders also take responsibility of their actions and have absolute control over decisions. Again as mentioned earlier in the report each of the ventures of Donald Trump unmistakably have the imprint of his persona, not to mention his name. He does not believe in passing around the blame to others when decisions do not gain expected results. Leadership Outcomes The phenomenal success of the The Apprentice is due to the person who has conceptualized the show i. e. Donald Trump. The way the show is run clearly points his personality.The contestants are judged on a weekly groundwork and there are no appeals to the finals decision. In his words I mean, theres no arguing. at that place is no anything. There is no beating around the bush. Youre fired is a very strong term. Even the contestants are usually asked to stand up for themselves, which in itself means being leaders (NetGlimse 2007) Leadership also means veneer challenges head on. This is evident in Trumps decision to sell of his family business to bounce back from bankruptcy.There are times when an unsavory decision might be the best decision to overcome a situation. Trump would have to fend off creditors indefinitely if he had not decided to sell off the business. Another leadership trait which Trump possesses is the conviction in his decisions. He has succeeded in making many complex business deals due to this trait. For instance, when Trump moved to Manhattan, he decided to try his hand into building luxury hotels. With this view, in 1974 Trump focused his attention The Commodore. This hotel was unprofitable, but was very centrally located.He managed to convince Hyatt Hotel Corporation to enter into a business deal concentrating on the fact that Hyatt did not have any manor downtown hotels. He also managed to successfully arrange financing for this venture and proceeded to completely renovate the hotel. The hotel was renamed The Grand Hyatt in 1980, and became very popular, making Trump the citys best known and most controversial developer (AE Television Networks). Conclusion Donald Trump is many times seen as a self-promoter whose proclamations are not credible.In fact people even question his present worth of 2. 7 billion dollars (Allen 2007). However, no one can question the success he has gained through his unique qualities as a pioneer in many types of business. His business decisions have been maverick and controversial but have been hugely successful. He believes in leading by example, which is the of import draw factor of his reality television show. Although his self-promotion comments can be termed as immodest, people modeling themselves after him would immensely profit from his no-nonsense attitude and self confidence.These are the two major qualities leaders need when they are dealing with others if they do not wish to be pushed around by other people. There are many books what preach about the qualities of the leader in a very idealistic way ho wever people can rarely succeed following only idealistic principles of anything. Another thing which can be learnt from Trump is his Never say die spirit. Every time he come up with an adversity, he just sees it as a means to demonstrate his skills to find a unique solution to the problem. In conclusion, the personality traits of Donald Trump which are mentioned here are the true reasons for his success.While these traits may not make everyone a billionaire, they will surely make people a much sure-footed and self-assured person. References Allen S, Donald Trump Billionaire Real Estate Tycoon and force of The Apprentice, 2007, New York Times Company http//entrepreneurs. about. com/od/famousentrepreneurs/p/donaldtrump. htm AE Television Networks, Donald (John) Trump Biography (1946-) 2007, http//www. biography. com/search/article. do? id=9511238page=1 Biography Channel Donald Trump, 2007, http//www. thebiographychannel. co.uk/biography_story/11231290/1/Donald_Trump. htm Chandy A, Donald Trump Biography, 2007, http//www. buzzle. com/editorials/4-28-2005-69193. asp Donald J. Trump as Executive Producer/Host, 2007, http//www. nbc. com/nbc/The_Apprentice/bios/Donald_J. _Trump. html A Touch of Business, Donald J. Trump The Business Leader Who Thrives on the Art of the Deal, 2007 http//www. atouchofbusiness. com/business-topics/success-stories/business-leader-trump-0006. html NetGlimse, Donald Trump-Biography, 2004, http//www. netglimse. com/celebs/pages/donald_trump/index. shtml

Water Quality Study of the Semenyih River

body of urine supply Quality Study of the Semenyih RiverSemenyih River is chosen as a sampling site in this study also this river is of particular brilliance in the study of advance wet defilement be induce effluents from industries, mining, municipal sewage, agricultural and urban run-off ar discharged into it bringing about considerable change in the water whole step. In addition that, Semenyih River is one of the most important rivers in Selangor because of its importance as resource of water, fishing, and for recreation.B Present Status of the SubjectWater is an essential requirement of human and industrial developments and it is one the most delicate part of the environment (Das and Acharya, 2003). In the last few decades, there has been a dangerous increase in the demand for freshwater due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization (Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2009). Assessment of the quantity and quality of water resources is important in hy dro environment. The physical and biological properties of water resources are driven by numerous environmental variables such as climate , water shoot a line effluent (Creek 1999).Water quality indices are intended to provide a simple and understandable tool for managers and decision makers on the quality and possible uses of a presumptuousness water body. Basically, a (INWQS) attempts to provide a mechanism for presenting a cumulatively derived, numerical expression defining a certain level of water quality (Miller et al.1986). The water quality trends clearly show that the major(ip)ity of water quality parameters were high during wet season compared to dry season(Muhd.Barzani et al. 2008).Anthropogenic activities result in signifi flowerpottly decrease of surface water quality of aquatic systems in watersheds (May et al. 2006). Rivers in a watershed play a major role in take in or carrying off municipal and industrial sewer water and runoff from agriculturalland. River inflo ws contribute main pollutants to most rivers in a watershed, thereby tending to accept undecomposed ecological and sanitary problems. On the other hand, rivers constitute the main water resources for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes in a watershed. Thus it is imperative to prevent and control river pollution and to have reliable information on the quality of water for effective vigilance. Generally, water-related environmental quality is in bad condition due to a bang-up deal of waste, excessive reclamation, over-fishing, and frequent petroleum spills (Chen et al. 2003). The water quality of rivers is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity in space and time, due to the human body of land cover around them. This often makes it difficult to identify water conditions and pollution sources, which is necessary for effective pollution control and water resource management (Kunwar et al. 2005).Malaysia plane section of Environment (DOE) has stated that agricultur e and livestock plays a main role in contributing river water pollution among other polluter. Livestock wastewater contains high concentration of organic and inorganic nitrogen compound, pathogenic bacteria and high concentration of ammonia-nitrogen. In addition, animals waste have been well documented to cause severe environmental damage in rivers which nutrient rich waste runoff allow for r for each one surface water, where it depletes oxygen and increase the algae production. Beside serious environmental problem, animal waste also may become a source of various diseases such as infectious sophisticate larvae hatched from the worm eggs passed out with the feces contamination encrusted with organic matter is an ideal breeding ground of harmful bacteria. (Anon 2001).In Malaysia, the riverine ecosystem is of particular interest since river water provides about 98% of the countrys water requirements (Azhar 2000). Therefore, contamination of river waters poses a serious health risk t o the public. The monitoring of river water quality is under the responsibility of the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE 1998).According to Muhamad Barzani et al (2005), Semenyih River showed increase in pollution levels due to human activities which is associated with urbanization, industrialization, agriculture and mining activities. Researchers studied the water quality in the Semenyih River landmark based on many parameters such as figure, COD, DO, NH3-N, TSS,TDS and others, they stated that the range of deterioration in water quality in the river varied depending on the role of change in land-use. So the land -use activities within the basin must be carefully planned and controlled for protect the water resource and quality status.C The Strength and Significance of the ResearchThe significance of this inquiry is to provide some water quality selective information based on the degree of contamination of the Semenyih River. The persuasiveness of this research lies in i ts specific focus oncreation water management study based on INWQS, that can be used as reference to other researchers who is interested in knowing Semenyih River and for the people to be attentive forthe health situations. In addition, this research leave behind be benefit for researchers particularly who want to know information about the river.D ReferencesAnon. 2001. Water Effluent From Pig Farms In Sabah-A Preliminary Investigation Of TheKey Environmental counter (Unpublished). State Environmental Conservation Department,Sabah.APHA. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of waterwaste 20th ed, America PublicHealth Association, Washington, DC.Azhar, M.G. 2000. Managing Malaysian Water Resources Development Special Bulletin onIssues of Citizens Health 2000. Corporate Development, Department of Irrigation andDrainage, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia, pp 40-58.Chen, Y .W., Fan, C.X., Katrin,T., et al. 2003. Changes of nutrients and phytoplanktonchlorophyll-a in a large shallow lake, Ta ihu, China an 8-year investigation.Hydrobiologia,506 273-279.Creeks.1999.promoting watershed awareness, http//www.aoinstitute.org/sausal.accessedApril21,1999.Das, J., Acharya, B.C. 2003. Hydrology and assessment of lotic water quality in Cuttack city,India. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 150 163-175.DOE Department of Environment. 1998. Malaysia Environment Quality Report 1998.Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Kunwar, P.S., Amrita, M., Sarita,S. 2005. Water quality assessment and apportionment ofpollution sources of Gomti River(India) using multivariate statistical techniques, 538355-374.May, A.M., Mutasem, E., Mark, D. S., et al. 2006. Factors influencing development ofmanagement strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon. Sci Total Environ, 36215-30.Miller,W.W.,Joung, H.M.,Mahannah,C.N.,Garrett.J.R.1986.Identification of water qualitydifferenees in Nevada through index application. J .Environment Quality 15,265-272.Muhd.Barzani Gasim.2008.Water Qu ality of Several confluent Rivers between TwoSeasons in Tasik Chini ,Pahang .Sains Mal .313-321.Muhd.Barzani,. Ismail, B. S.,Wan, N. A., Muhammad,I.Y,.Marlia,M.H.2005.Water Qualityassessment of the Semenyih River basin langor, Malaysia. Jurnal Biosains, 16(1)-95.Nives,S.G.1999.Water Quality Evaluation by Index in Dalmatla, InstituteSplit,Vukovarska46, 21000Split,Croatia.Okeke, C.O., Igboanua, A.H. 2003. Characteristics and quality assessment of surface waterand groundwater recourses of Akwa Town, Southeast, Nigeria. J. Niger. Assoc.Hydrol. Geol., 14 71-77.Ramakrishnaiah, C.R., Sadashivalah, C. 2009. Assessment of water quality index for thegroundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State. Indian J. Chem., 6 523-530.IV RESEARCH APPROACHA Research methodologyThis research willing be carried out in six stages ,as followsStage 1 Literature ReviewThis stage involves a literature review on the status study of water quality in Semenyih River _ level of pollution, spreading, estimation, and the reasons of contamination. Because with the continuous increase of population, the pollutant factors will become increasing.Stage 2 Recognisance be ground on findings in Stage1, a recognisance survey will be carried out to determine the site of taste stations. The selection will take into esteem the locations that essays will collect from them in Semenyih River.Stage 3 Field behaveField work will be carried out at the selected site in Stage 2. Activities willbe as the quest the river will be divided into seven stations. In each station twain samples will be collected. Water samples will be collected in clean bottlesand the samples will be kept in iced fund and will be processed at the lab, whilethe BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand)samples must be collected in black anddark bottles, light can not penetrate it. The interest parameters are in-situparameters that will be measured in the field work.PH.Conductivity.DO (Dissolved Oxygen).TemperatureTDS(Total dissolved solids)All t hese parameters will be carried out in-situ and the equipment must beCalibrated before taking any measurings.Stage 4 Laboratory / Analytical workThe following water quality parameters such as (BOD, NO3, NH3-N, PO4, SO4, and E.coli) would be analyzed in the laboratory .all analysis will perform in accordance with standard methods and will place within allowable holding times.a- BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) BOD5 Measures the amount of oxygenused by bacteria and other microorganisms during a five -days period. Water quality samples will be stored in 2 black bottles .dissolved oxygen in the first bottles will measure in-situ with DO meter and the reading will be save as DO1. stake samples will be kept at 20C for five days , dissolved oxygen will measure again as DO5.BOD will be determined from the difference between DO1 and DO5.b- NO3 (Nitrate)Cadmium Reduction mode will use for standard of nitrate parameter. Fifteen ml water sample will put into measuring cylinder. NitraVer 6 nitrate Reagent Powder Pillow will be added and vibraten for 3 minutes. Then, the solution will be allowed to purpose for two minutes. Then, 10 ml water samples will put into cell and added with NitriteVer 3 Nitrite Regent Powder Pillow. Sample cell will recap and shake for 30 seconds. Samples will be analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH 500 with program 351N ,Nitare LR. Ten ml of water will use sample as a blank.c- NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen)Nessler Method will be used for ammonia nitrogen measurement. Water samples (25 ml) and 25 ml deionized water will put in two cylinders and three drops of mineral stabilizer will be added into each cylinder. The cylinders will shake for one minute. Then, three drops of Polyvinyl Alcohol Dispersing Agent will add to the solution. The solution will shake and 1ml of reagent Nessler (K2HgI4) will add and shake again for one minute. All solution will be put into sample cell and analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH DR 500 which is program 380 N, Ammonia , Ness will be selected. Deionized water will use as blank (HACH 2003).d- PO4 (Phosphate) Acid Ascorbic (Phos Ve r 3) Methods will use for measurement of phosphate . Ten ml water sample will be put into cell sample and added with Phos Ver 3 Powder Pillow and shaken for two minutes. Sampleswill be analyzed by spectrophotometer HACH 500 with program 490 P React, PV. Water sample without interposition will use as a blank.e-SO4 (Sulphate) sulfa drug Ver 4 Method will use for sulphate measurement. Ten ml water sample will be put into cell sample and added with sulfa Ver 4 Powder Pillow and shaken for five minutes. Spectrophotometer HACH DR 500 will use for analysis the sample by program 680 Sulfate. water sample without treatment will use as a blank. .f- Faecal coliform (E. coli) the membrane filtration technique will be used forthe coliforms group, including fecal coliforms. afterwards 24 hours of collection ,water samples (10ml)will serially dilute with 90 ml phosphate saline buff er. This method consists of drawing a measured volume of water through a dawn membrane fine enough to trap the bacteria, and placing of filter on a growth medium (chromocult coliform agar) in a petri dish. The 0.45m nitro-cellulose membrane will use. After filtration and placing thefilter membrane on the cultural medium. The plates will incubate for 24 hours at 37C. The number ofcolonies growth at the membrane will be counted and recorded as the colony forming units(CFU)Step-by-step procedures (1) Collect the sample and make any necessary dilutions. (2) Select the appropriate nutrient or culture medium. Dispense the farm animal into a sterile Petri dish, evenly saturating the absorbent pad.(3)Flame theForceps, and remove the membrane from the sterile package. (4) Place the membrane filter into the funnel assembly.(5) Flame the pouring lip of the sample container and pour the sample into the funnel.(6) Turn on the vacuum and allow the sample to draw completely through the filter.(7 ) Rinse funnel with sterile buffered water. Turn on vacuum and allow the liquid to draw completely through the filter.(8) Flame the forceps and remove the membrane filter from the funnel.(9) Place the membrane filter into the prepared Petri dish.(10) cross at the proper temperature and for the appropriate time period.(11) Count the colonies under 10 15 X magnification. (12) Confirm the colonies and report the results.Stage 5 info digest and interpretationData will be compiled as follows (a) Location of site, (b) Quantity of pollution and expansion in the river, (c) Evaluation of water quality in the river, (d) The reasons of contamination, (e) data will use a suitable statistical analysis programme to process and analyse.Stage 6 Report writing and submissionIt is anticipated that the give will comprise the following chapters (a)Introduction, (b) Objectives and rationales of the study, (c) Overview, (d)Methodology and study area description, (e) analysis and discussion of results (f) Conclusion and recommendation for further work.B Research ActivitiesThe research activities coating the two-semester period of study are as follows1. Literature review (July 2010- October2010)A literature review on the status study of water quality at Semenyih River- level of pollution, spreading, estimation, and the reasons of contamination. Because with the continuous increase of population around the river, the pollutant factors will become increasing.2. Recognisance survey (July 2010)Based on the literature review, a recognisance survey will be carried out to determine the site of sample stations. The selection will take into considerationthe locations that samples will collect from them in Semenyih River.3. Field work (July and November2010)Field work will be carried out at the selected after the recognisance survey.Activities include The river will be divided into seven stations. In each stationtwo samples will be collected. Water samples will be collected in clean bottle sand the samples will be kept in iced store and will be processed at the lab, whilethe BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) samples must be collected in black anddark bottles, light can not penetrate it. The following parameters will be measuredin the field work.(1)PH, (2)TDS, (3) Conductivity, (4) DO (Dissolved Oxygen),(5)Temperature.4. Laboratory / Analytical work (August2010 and December2010)This part constitutes the following activities (a) The following water quality parameters such as (BOD, NO3, NH3-N, PO4, SO4, E.coli) would be analyzed in the laboratory .all analyses will perform in accordance with standard methods and will conduct within allowable holding times. (a) BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) BOD5 Measures the amount of oxygen used by bacteria and other microorganisms during a five-days period, (b) NO3 (Nitrate) Cadmium Reduction Method will use for measurement of nitrate parameter, (c) NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen)Nessler Method will be used for ammonia nitrogen measurement, (d ) PO4 (Phosphate) Acid Ascorbic (Phos Ve r 3) Methods will use for measurement of phosphate. (e) SO4 (Sulphate) Sulfa Ver 4 Method will use for sulphate measurement (i) Fecal coliform (E. coli) the membrane filtration technique will be used for the coliforms group, including fecal coliforms.5. Data compilation and interpretation (December 2010- February 2011)Data will be compiled as follows (a) Location of site, (b) Quantity of pollution and expansion in the river, (c) Evaluation of water quality in the river, (d) The reasons of contamination, (e) data will use a suitable statistical analysis programme to process and analyse.6. Report writing and submission (February April 2011)It is anticipated that the project will comprise the following chapters (a)Introduction, (b) Objectives and rationales of the study, (c) Overview (d)Methodology and study area description, (e) analysis and discussion of results(f) Conclusion and recommendation for further work.C Key Milestones of the Resear chThe progress of the research will be monitored through three key milestones, as followsAugust 2010Completion of major field work, samples are ready to be analysed.March2011Completion of major laboratory and analytical work, data are ready for interpretation.May 2011Submission of thesis.The research activities are shown in Appendix.D Risks of the ResearchRisks Degree of RisksEffect of abide on the sampling programme very Low(Time-related risk)Shortage of time lowV BENEFITS OF THE RESEARCHIt is anticipated that the findings of this research will benefit the following sectorsKnowledgeFrom this study we will know pollution status at Rompin River and the sources that caused this pollution. In the future, the findings for this research may be benefit for people who live on the two sides of the river.Public and Private SectorsThis study could be one of the components to built management control methods that may be more effective and economic.

The Issue Of Bilingualism With Psycholinguists

The Issue Of Bilingualism With PsycholinguistsBilingualism is a controversial issue that psycholinguists set forth in the way they define it due to its multidimensional aspects. It should be conservatively viewed with great consideration to certain variables appearing in the coming definitions. Auer (1995), states that bilingualistism house be referred to the linguistic competencys in more than unitary language. This bilingual competency can be accessible via the analysis of well-formed sentences involving devil languages which may be do by as a window on the bilingual mind (Auer, 1995, p.115). Clearly, psycholinguists make bilingualism as hidden competence in bilinguals minds, and it can be revealed as bilinguals produce utterances. Conversely, Saunders (1988) declares that bilingualism has different associations in peoples minds. Some people assume that bilingualism is internal-like control of two languages which is later on called true bilingualism (p,7). However, bilingu als who have no ingrained come up toers competence in both languages reject this definition utterly. Some linguists stress that this definition is restrictively limited to bilingual individuals who master their two languages completely. Dual monolingual is also a term used to refer to bilinguals mastering two languages as if they were native verbaliser monolinguals in both languages. However, Saunder (1988) argues that many bilinguals comprehend a opposed language without universe able to speak it fluently. on that pointfore, linguists define bilingualism as the efficiency to speak two languages at any direct of competency. After all these various arguments regarding bilingualisms nature, it is clear that bilingual individuals have different degrees of competence in the second language. Saunder (1988).Colin bread maker Sylvia Prys Jones (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. UK Multilingual Matters Ltd. (in the library).*Definition of bilingualismAcco rding to Baker Jones (1998), when asked about bilingualism, most people believe that they know the answers of the following questions, what is bilingualism? How can a bilingual be define? They would say that a bilingual soulfulness is the one who speaks two languages. However, shaping bilingualism and bilinguals is more concentrated than what the people think.Bilingualism involves a number of dimensions. There are five main issues that show the difficulty to define bilingualism very concisely. Also, they show that there might be degrees of bilingualism which vary in the same(p) soul over time.There is distinction between ability in language and use of language. They are two separate things. For example, a bilingual person has the ability to speak two languages very fluently, only he or she uses and practices only one of the two languages regardless whether it is the native language or the second language. other bilingual person has the ability to speak two languages but he or she has some problems in speaking one of the two languages regardless whether it is the native language or the second language, but this person uses and practices both languages regularly. This distinction can be referred to the degree of difference between proficiency or competence of language (ability) and function of that language (use).Proficiency may vary in a language. For example, the abilities of a bilingual person give vary in development a language among the four skills of that language (speaking, listening, reading, and writing), where that person might be very good in speaking A language but when it comes to writing, the person will use B language to write or read, because his or her ability of writing in A language is weak or low. another(prenominal) bilingual person might have good abilities (proficiency) in speaking and writing of a language, but he or she cannot use and practice (speak or write) that language, so he or she tends to use another language. This is ca lled receptive competence. a couple of(prenominal) bilingual people are equally proficient in both languages, but one language tends to be stronger and better developed than the other language. It is called the dominant language and it is not necessarily to be the first or native language.Few bilinguals possess the same competence as monolinguals in either of their languages. This is because bilinguals use their languages for different functions and purposes.A bilinguals competence in a language may vary over time and according to changing circumstances. For example, a child starts to learn a minor language at home or in the childhood. As time goes, he or she learns another language in the school or community and he or she will gradually will drop off the minor language, because it is out of use and that person became away from the childhood the situation where the minor language is used.Leonard Bloomfield (1933). Language. UK GEORGE ALLEN UNWIN LTD.In the extreme case of foreign language culture, the speaker becomes so proficient as to be indistinguishable from the native speakers round him. In this case where this perfect foreign language learning is not come with by loss of the native language, it results in bilingualism, (the) native-like control of two languages. (P. 55-56).Romaine, S (1995). Bilingualism (2nd ed.). UK Blackwell Publishers.Proficiency and function are the factors which are related to the terms of categories, scales and dichotomies in defining and describing bilingualism. In one side of the issue of the definition of bilingualism, there would be a definition like Bloomfields definition (1933 p, 55-56) In the extreme case of foreign language learning, the speaker becomes so proficient as to be indistinguishable from the native speakers round him. In this case where this perfect foreign language learning is not accompanied by loss of the native language, it results in bilingualism, (the) native-like control of two languages. This definit ion identifies native like control of two languages as being the norm for bilingualism. In the other side, Haugen (1953 p, 7) shows that when a person of any language can produce complete meaningful sentences in another language, he or she would be a bilingual.According to Mackey (1967 p, 555), there are four aspects should be taken into account when defining and describing bilingualism. They are overlapped to each other and cannot be treated separately. These aspects are degree, function, alteration, and interference. The degree of bilingualism indicates the proficiency and competence of language, which is the extent to which the bilingual knows each of the languages. The part of function focuses on the use and practice a bilingual has for the languages. How oft each language is used and practiced by the bilingual? Alteration concentrates on the extent to which the bilingual switches between the languages (code switching). And interference is the degree to which a bilingual manage s to keep the two languages separate or fused. The four questions are overlapped to each other and they cannot be treated separately. For example, a bilinguals knowledge of a language will to some extent specify the functions to which it is put and the vice versa. The contexts in which bilinguals have the opportunity to use language will affect their competence in it.Josiane, F. Hamers Michel H. Blanc. (2000). Bilinguality and Bilingualism (2nd edition). UK Cambridge University Press.Hamers Blanc (2000) arouse a number of definitions of bilingualism, but they are not satisfied with any one of them because they are one sided as they assume. Moreover, they highlight unidimensionality as being one weakness of bilingualism because when defining it, only one dimension would be taken account, ignoring other sides of bilingualism. For example, a definition of bilingualism may concerns competence, without the other significant dimensions. ( p, 3 23). Hoffmann (1991) mentions the same e arlier point in the way that the most remarkable and significant feature of bilingualism is the multi-faceted phenomenon of it which is expected to be the point of difficulty when defining bilingualism from one dimension.At first sight, the concept of bilingualism seems to be non-problematical and easy to be defined. However, when moving deep down on the many variant definitions of bilingualism, one can recognise how difficult it is to define a bilingual. According to Websters dictionary (1961), bilingual is defined as having or using two languages especially as spoken with the fluency distinctive of a native speaker a person using two languages especially habitually and with control like that of a native speaker and bilingualism as the constant oral use of two languages.Many people view bilingualism as the ability of speaking two languages perfectly like native speakers. This speak to comes in one side of bilingualism and it is related to Leonard Bloomfield (1953 56) who defines bilingualism as the native like control of two languages which concentrates on the dimension of proficiency in language. In contrast, on the other most different side there is a definition of Macnamara (1967a) who defines a bilingual as an individual who acquire a minimal competence in only one of the four skills in a language other than the mother tongue. Between these most two distinctive definitions, there is a collection of other definitions of bilingualism, for example, Titone (1972) defines bilingualism as the individuals capacity to speak a second language while following the concepts and structures of that language rather than paraphrasing his or her mother tongue.The previous three distinctive definitions show the degree of difficulty in providing a concise definition of a bilingual and bilingualism, because those three definitions themselves lack specifity and clarity in the main points on them like native-like competence, minimal proficiency in a second language, and foll owing the concept of structures of the second language. (p, 6-7).Hoffmann, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. UK Longman.An oft-quoted definition is found in one of the early books on modern linguistics, Leonard Bloomfields Language, first published in the USA in 1933. Bloomfield pays special attention to users who become so proficient in the new language that they cannot be distinguished from the native speakers and he considers these users are bilinguals. He relates bilingualism to those individuals who speak a second language with high native level of proficiency.According to Hoffmann (1991), Bloomfield has a clear notion of bilingualism, but there is some contradiction on his definition of bilingualism. For example, if a degree of perfection cannot be defined in bilingualism, so how could Bloomfield talk of perfect foreign language learning?BloomfieldTo be removedOpposite of BloomfieldGeneralTo begin with

Safety And Security And The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

guard And Security And The Hospitality Industry Tourism searchIntroduction and Background of the Study sentry go and warranter plays a big social function in this century. Everyvirtuoso is fretfulnessing about their synthetic rubberty and aegis when they atomic way out 18 staying in the hotel during vacation. In the worldwide hotel assiduity, the heed too concern about preventive and earnest issues pertaining on their guests and employees.In the hospitality industry, they be proud of themselves beca map they atomic number 18 recognizen hospitable to every cardinal in such way of attitude in welcoming their customers or guests. Therefore, they should practice and maintain the concept of a home-from-home with their open-door approach with comfort, convenience and privacy to their guests (Gill, Moon, gob Turbin, 2002). afterwards the disasters such as terrorist attack at Luxor Egypt in 1992 and 1993, 852 passengers died on the shipwreck of Estonia in Baltic Sea on 28t h September 1994, Iraq war terror attack of September 11, 2001 in New York, United States, the SARS epidemic in 2003, Tsunami disaster on 26th December 2004 in Thailand and Bali bombings, the realise for pencil eraserguard and shelter around the world is growing and the topic of golosh and warrantor has become a popular discussion among the people in the world. Besides, most(prenominal) of the hotels have now implemented a synthetic rubber device and security plan as well as quality plan such as providing development for the employees and guests safety and security (Steene, 2009, Lockyer, 2007 and Helena Natasa, 2010).The hotel worry has separated the hotel safety into two broad categories which atomic number 18 safety and security. The management categorized safety as in the services provided, as well as included the construction of the hotel interior designed whereby making sure they ar safe built for the employees to calculate in and in-house guests. However, s ecurity in hotel related to threats that set by people than setting by the physical surroundings, which stand fors it depends on the person who set the security danger that cannot be hazard (Policy Department, 2008).Based on Enz (2009) personal definition on safety and security, she defined safety as protecting guests safety, while keeping guests property safe provide be included in the security definition. In other words, according to Enz and Masako (2002), safety involves in protecting employees and guests while in the hotel area from serious injure and death.In terms of safety, it can be further categorized by various aspects such as fire safety and others aspects of hotel safety. As for hotel safety, it includes food safety, melted pool safety and not forgetting the hotels property safety such as criminal offense safety (Policy Department, 2008).Problem StatementsTraining safety and security measures is exclusively-important(a) to the hospitality industry whereby without the important of measures, the hospitality and tourim industry testament not have boom so fast. This is because everyone take their life as precious as gold. unfortunately nowaday, hotels only utilise of the tecnology safety and security system to protect their guest. They should have also used of training method and procedures to train their employees and develop guest as a precautions for accidents to exit. Morever, the hospitality should be to a greater extent concern on which aspects that entrust have a high rate of accidents happen in the daily rountine. However, wherefore training is crucial for the hospitality industry to look upon on? What are the ways that the hospitality industry able to use to train their employees and guests to keep safe from danger? Which aspects must they concerned on?Research ObjectivesThe intention of this investigate is done to determine employee safety and security training and education for guests do helps to decrease the safety and secur ity issues in the hospitality industry. This enquiry is carried out to achieve several objectives in the following belowTo determined the importance of training safety and security.To determined the ways that the hotels implement to train their employees and educate guests on safety and security to feel secure and comfortable while in the hotel.To identify the factors that the hotels bequeath look into concern and train employees and educate guest to prevent these issues to happen.Research QuestionsThis study is attempted answer the research questions in the following belowwhy it is importance of training safety and security?What are the ways that the hotel implements to train their employees and educate their guests on the safety and security?What are the factors that the hotels leave behind look into concern and train employees and educate guest to prevent these issues to happen?Hypothesis StatementThe hypothesis in this research will be done based on the value of the population which the hypothesis statement will be related to the importance of training safety and security does lower the percentage of safety and security issues. In this hypothesis research, the designer has used a statement which will give less bad effect on the result.Ho = There is no significance between the importance of training safety and security will lower the percentage of safety and security and have no effect on safety and security issues.H1 = There is a significance between the importance of training safety and security will lower the percentage of safety and security and have no effect on safety and security issues.Theoretical and Conceptual FrameworkThe importance of training safety and security on employees and guests vastness of training safety and securityTraining the employees on safety and securityWays and factors to concerned onFire safetyAccident and common soldier safetyEducating guests on safety and securityCrime safety and securityFigure 1.1 A conceptual framework on the importance of training safety and security on employees and guests in the hotel industry.Basically the above figure shows about this research will be focusing on several facts and facts such as the aspects that the hotel should be more concerned on by implementing ways to protect them. Before the germ determined the aspects and ways on protecting the employees and guests safety, the author would like to rationalize on the importance of training safety and security on employees and guests and not just relying on the safety and security features such as CCTV and others more.As for the aspects for the hotel to be concerned on will be the fire safety, accident and private safety and crime safety and security. These aspects should be concerned on because they will happen in our daily life. Fire is a phenomena aspect which we cannot predict to happen, thus it is important for the hospitality to train the employees and guests on ways to overcome it when it happens. As for acciden ts and private safety, if the employees and guest are teach to prevent them to happen, the rate of accidents will be lower down. For deterrent example, housekeepers should be trained in a right way to blame the board with safety measures. Crime happens almost every day in our life, thus the hotel should also take in precautions even though on that point are security police and officers. For example, the hotel inevitably to train employees on ways to not fall into the criminal traps when they suspected suspicious people wondering in the hotels. consequence of the StudyTraining employees and educate in-house guests in order to keep themselves safe and secure is a very important elements in the hospitality and tourism industry nowa days. With the training of safety and security, they will reach the employees and guests satisfaction where they will feel safe just like they are in their own house. In the mean time, it will also increase the attention from the outsiders and travelers if they know the hotel manage well in safety and security matters, thus this will brings benefits to the hotel when they need more men and increase the economy and status of the hotel.The author had recognized the types of training methods for employees and guests to follow to overcome the negative factors which will organise them feel safer while being in the hotel at anytime and anywhere. Moreover, the effects of these method used will minimize the safety and security issues. This research will help the organizations in the hospitality industry to go out the purpose of training safety and security will benefit the employees and travelers. This will also benefit the hotel as they practice and applying on the employees and guests to manage and improve the safety and security measures.Scope and LimitationBasically, this research is mainly focusing on the method that the hotels management uses to train their employees and educates their in-house guests in order to keep them safe a nd secure, also help to reduce negative issues that will happened in the hotel and the surrounding. Hotels keep them safe and secure in terms of avoiding injuries and death on the employees and guests when there are accidents, crime and fire.However, there are several limitations related to this study have occurred in order to complete this research success exuberanty. Firstly, it will be the availability to search for secondary winding selective information, the electronic sources. The author has vistad some difficulties in searching additional training and electronic articles and journals from the websites that related to training safety and security for employees and educating guests when being in the hotel. Even though, the respective college university has provided several sources for the author like academic websites but there are still lack of sources for the author to collect more data because some of the journals and information need to be purchased before consume. More over, the author had faced some challenges because of lacking experience and knowledge in conducting a proposal. It is a cracking challenge when the author does not have sufficient experience and the skills to collect strong and good data for this research.CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionIn this chapter, it will contains the finding of the authors had done research regarding on the important of training the employees and educate the guests, also several ways to train the employees and educate guests to keep safe while they are in the hotel. Besides, it will also include the factors where the hotel will be more concern on and avoid injuries happened. As for the previous researchers findings and theories, they will be used as supporting information also ensuring that the methods and factors will be focusing on will help in this research. Moreover, all information and data that have been gathered for this research are from various secondary data sources such as electronic articles and journals.2.2 Importance of training for safety and securityThe word training is means by giving a person the actual and enough information to him or her needed in order to work safely. It is not crucial that training need to have a formal class session or seminars and courses for the employees to attend.In this generation, there are various aspects that make the hotel successful whereby these aspects are health, safety and sustainability of the attractions business (Williams 2008). According to Pitt (2007), in United Kingdom, there are about more than 30 million of working days lost in each year due to employees health sickness and seven million are because of employee injured in the working place. Every year, there are more than a million of employees suffering from bully while working by their own colleagues or public. Therefore, in order to reduce the number of oeuvre injury and others factors, training employees and guests to keep themselves safe while working and staying in the hotel are crucial.Based on the research by Health and Safety in the Catering Industry Liaison Committee, there is a legal law to provide information and training regarding to health and safety aspects to all employees who are needed (http//www.hse.gov.uk).2.3 Training employeesWeitze (2008) noted that if the hotel management is lacking of employees training, lack of maintaining the policies and procedures and lastly lacking of prevention, these will all lead to a safety related incident. Thus, it is important to train the employees from the hotel itself first before to educate the guests.Moreover, the staffs of nirvana Hotel are the first people who will interact with the guests once they step into the hotel. It does not matter they are from which department of the hotel, as long they are enlightenment Hotel employees such as bell boy, prior desk staffs, housekeepers and more, the employees are responsible to create a culture of safety and professionalism to keep th emselves safe and keeping the guest safety and security as well (Kwiecinski, 2010). Therefore, it is crucial for the management to train every employee to be able to face to face in any accidents such as fire, police and other emergency services people so that they may help out if that is a need (William, 2008). Based on a health and safety manager, Duncan Aspin, he had stated that managers need to shape up health and safety training constitution for ensuring every employee have sufficient training on safety and security issues to reduce accident (Mottram, 2005).For an example, according to Mottram (2005), providing program regarding on staff development and safety training has given a hand to North-West division of Birse Civil to achieve zero percent accident rate, which is also the top 1 social club in UK as construction industry for safety. Therefore, training employees not only will help to save their lives but also help Shangri-la Hotel to climbing up hotel status.2.4 Educat ing guestsBesides Shangri-la Hotel train their employees to keep themselves safe and implementing safety and security features for the guest safety, it is also important for them to train their in-house guests to take care of themselves as well. In general, everyone who travels around and look for accommodations would expect they will be safe and their property will be secure leaving them in the hotel while they are out for travel. However, sometimes it is hard to predict that guest will be safe by just depending on the hotels safety and security features, thus the guests should also learn how to protect themselves away from crimes, accidents and fire.According to the research by Mottram (2005), in the year of 2003, 80 people who include the guests and employees of Birse Civils have attended the safety management and courses. In result, the society has recorded as zero accidents occur within the company area.2.5 Ways and factors that will be concerned on2.5.1 Fire SafetyFire accide nt is an accident whereby we cannot predict when to happen and when not to happen. Even if there is a fire, the guests might not know how to handle because they are not aware of it. Therefore, the hotel management should take precautions on handling the safety of their employees and guests. For example, sometimes foreign in-house guests might have slow respond to the evacuation alarms when it rings because they do not have an understanding situation in the local hotel (Roberts Chan, 2000).According to Helena Natasa (2010), in order to protect guest safety, the management of the hotel needs to educate guest by providing instructions, labels and reminders which related to fire preventions. The purpose of implement this so that guests will not be panic and nervous when there is fire accident, in fact they will stay calm down and know the way to leave the hotel building safely.Throughout the research, as for the fire precautions to protect the guest and employees safety, Shareton Hot el did the best in training their employees to handle fire incident in order to save their life and the guest life too. They provide full induction and training for all hotel staffs on working safe procedures and responses which relate to fire. Besides, new personnel will be trained to use types of extinguishers and taught them ways to handle when the hotel is on fire (Roberts Chan, 2000).2.5.2 Accidents and one-on-one SafetyIn the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), it has stated in 1970 that each working people either man or char in the nation need to have a safe and healthful working conditions which also means that without having any injuries during the working period (Hobson, 1996). In the hospitality industry, it is important for the hoteliers to look into this aspect because accident can happen in the hotel easily at anytime and anywhere on the employees and guests.In the research by Mottram (2005), the company of Birse Civils does provide training to their employee s which included first-aid training. This training is to ensure that their employees are qualified to the Health and Safety Regulation 1981, which need four days training at St John Ambulance premises. Thus, as for all hospitality industry, the management should provide training like this as a protection to their employees and guests safety.In addition, in certain time, keep department has a high percentage of causing accidents when the housekeepers do not handled dangerous chemicals in a proper way and practicing unhealthy poses while alter the rooms. Due to they are dealing with dangerous hazardous chemicals which will affect their health and life, safety and security training and orientation are important and should be practice in the housekeeping department even though the housekeepers did not handle any machinery. As an example, Wyswert hotel does provide training and information for the housekeepers on what they are supposed and not supposed to do (Kristanti Kuhn, 2005).How ever, sometimes it is a part of the employees jobs to protect the in-house guests safety. Leong (2000) has stated that the entire employees need to be trained so that they know about the security procedures to follow on which will be helpful for the guests. Thus, training employees is important especially when the move desks agent is dealing with the arrival guests room key. According to Kristanti Kuhn (2005) and Woods, Ninemeier, Hayes Austin (2007), they have mentioned that front desk agents are not allowed to give out keys, room numbers, messages and mail to anyone from the requester without the owners of the room real identity. Also, during the process when the front desk agent passes the room key to the guest, they should not announce the guests room number out in the public.In addition, restaurant staffs also play a role in keeping the guests safety and security whereby they need to keep their customers property in secure when they are having their meals in the respective r estaurant. The restaurant manager needs to train the server to be more alert on the customer belongings (Kristanti Kuhn, 2005).2.5.3 Crime Safety and SecurityNowadays, violent crime in the workplace has become a world issue that everyone will concern. Therefore, it is now has become a line of work to the hospitality industry that they will be facing and this problem is increasing in other countries (Hobson, 1996). After the incident of a popular singer was raped with a knife pointed at her in Long Island motel, the issues of security become a serious issue to all hotels in the United States (Leong, 2000). Therefore, hotels have aware of crime issues and security system and start practicing crime management (Gill, Moon, Seaman Turbin, 2002). Crime in the workplace has generally separated into different categories such as robbery and other commercial crimes, employer or other employee transport situations and terrorism.In order to minimize the rate of violence crime in the hospita lity industry, the management can streng therefore the manager and supervisors security skills and ways to use first aids. It is important for both of them to be expert in managing these securities because they are the one will handle the problems when there is a problem. For example of a character that happened in Pasadena, Texas in 1977, the manger of the hotel did not help the victim because of lacking of security knowledge (Hobson, 1996).Besides training the higher level of management, training the front line employees is needed too so that they will have the knowledge on handling it. The management of the hotel can give training such as smile training which known as dont look them in the eyes training to teach the employees so that they will be more prepare and calm when there is a situation occur. A clear and understandable instruction should be given in order to avoid fighting when there is a robbery (Hobson, 1996).Under the research that has been done by Shellum (2002), sev eral hotels have taken action to strengthen the security issues. They have improved their security-guards training and then evaluate them by standard operating procedures so that it is constant. Research has shown that awareness is the most important tools in order to take care of safety, thus the example of the hotel has done show the right way of training the employees (Helena Natasa, 2010). Thus, they have increased the staff-awareness by giving them more training instead of hiring security guards (http//www.hotelasiapacific.com).CHAPTER THREE search METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionIn this chapter, the author will be describing about the research methodology which will be using to collect data for this research and seeing how the data will reach the research objectives. With the used of this research methodology by following the structure of guidelines, it will help the author to collect reliable and trustable results for the research. In order to test the results for this research, qualitative and quantitative methods will be used as a support with one another and the answer of the results will be right in this research.3.2 Research DesignQualitative methods is used for this research whereby it will be rely more upon interviews sessions and some chance studies research dealing with some small numbers of people. The author will collect the data and information by targeting to interview the people in Shangri-la Hotel on how they train their staffs and guests to keep themselves safe while being in the hotel. The author would plan to interview the managers based on one on one basis so that more information included own opinions and thoughts will be given by themselves. The interview questionnaire will be set and solicit based on the related questions stated in Chapter 1.The progress of doing interview session with the respondent will basically starts with creating the interview questionnaires and scripts that have related to this research. After the progress o f preparing the questionnaire that will be asked to the respondent, setting and conducting a machinate test steps will be taken for the interview session. After all, the last air division of the process will be the author interview the respondent in one on one basis.Quantitative method is another part of research methodology that will be used to collect information from the respondent. This research method will have less interview sessions and observation. However, it is more towards on the collections of the data and analyzes the numerical data and statistic. For this research, survey technique will be used by creating a survey questionnaire for the respondent, which is the guest in Shangri-la Hotel. This is done in order for the author to have more understanding on this research.3.3 Data CollectionIn this research, there are two types of data collected that has been used for this study which are the primary data and secondary data. The combination of these two data collection ma y be useful and able to show accurate results which will help the author to do for this research.3.3.1 Primary DataIn this research, primary data is important for the researchers to collect data because the information that collected is direct from the respondent itself. Therefore, it will be much more accurate. However, this method that will be used requires more time, cost and energy to complete. Thus, the author needs to hand more effort in order to collect great information and data.The primary data for this research will be collecting through one on one interview and questionnaire survey. Firstly, the author will be only target the manager of each department in Shangri-la Hotel to collect information and data which relate to this research. The respondent that will be interviewed will be at least at the manager level therefore the results taken will be more useful and reliable. The interview questionnaire will be asked will more base on the ways and the factors of safety and se curity issues will be focusing on.The purpose of using interview method is because data that given will be more in depth and interviewer able to ask more personal question in order to gather extra information. Also, it is possible for the interviewer to record down the conversation during interview session as references and proofs with the permission pass from the interviewees.3.3.2 Secondary DataSecondary data are data that have gathered and done by previous researchers and now become the needs for the modern researcher. Besides, secondary data can be known as ready quick sources with strong facts and evidence. Secondary data includes books, journals, articles, news and others more.As for this research, the secondary data will be more relying on the electronic journals and less on academic textbooks. The data collected will be used more on internet sources because it is easy to gather valuable data which have done by someone else previously. Electronic journals articles that used to find relevant articles and journals as a support for some facts in this research are from the database of EBSCOhost from KDU e-library websites, Emerald from USCI library website and Google Scholar. All information that collected from these three websites is validity, accuracy also free for bias.In addition, the author will borrow some books for extra information which relate to the research doing from the library of KDU University College at Petaling Jaya campus.3.4 Sampling Design3.4.1 Sampling TechniqueThe author would contain non-probability take as a tool to choose the respondent for this research study. The author will be interviewed the managers of Shangri-la Hotel through quota sampling to get information. However, quota sampling will not be a helpful tool for the author to do this research because not everyone is selected to be interviewed, thus convenience sampling will be use in survey questionnaire. The questionnaire will be distributed to the targeted respondents who are willing to answer the questions sincerely. With the use of this method, it gives the author to have large number of full complete questionnaires fast and inexpensive which help the author to save cost.3.4.2 Sampling FrameIn this research, the hotel that the author choose to do on research is Shangri-la Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, thus the author will only target the respondents who are the guests who stays in Shangri-la Hotel regardless of gender or races for the convenient sampling. As for the quota sampling, the author will only select people who have a high level of management to interview.

Anne Sexton :: essays papers

Anne sacristanThe third decade of the twentieth century brought on more explicit writers than ever before, but none were as expressive as Anne Sexton. Her style of writing, her works, the image that she created, and the crazy life that she led are all prime examples of this. Known as one of the most confessional poets of her time, Anne Sexton was also one of the most criticized. She was known to use images of incest, adultery, and madness to reveal the depths of her deeply troubled life, which often brought on much controversy. Despite this, Anne went on to throw out many awards and go down as one of the best poets of all time.Anne Sexton was born Anne colourize Harvey on November 9, 1928 in Newton, Massachusetts to Ralph Churchill and Mary Gray Staples Harvey (Discovering Biographies 1). From then on, Sexton spent most of her life in the affluent, upper-middle class suburbs of Boston (Discovering Biographies 2). According to many of the experiences described in her poems, she led a precise unhappy childhood thats horrifying memories affected her throughout her life. To overcome her troubles, she married at age nineteen and attempted to settle into the role of lady of the house and mother (Discovering Biographies 2). Shortly after her marriage, Anne enrolled in a modeling course at the Hart Agency and lived in San Francisco and Baltimore (Academy of American Poets 1). During this time Anne was also educated at Earland Junior College from 1947- 1948 (Twentieth Century American Literature 2). Through out her early twenties, Sexton began to experience bouts of depression that eventually led to hospitalization (Discovering Biographies 2). In 1955, after the birth of her second daughter, Sexton attempted suicide (Discovering Biographies 2). She was then placed under the care of Dr. Martin Orne, who encouraged her to write poems as a strain of therapy (Discovering Biographies 1). Poetry gave me a rebirth at age twenty-nine (American Literature 3591), Anne quoted many times during her career. Anne deeply admired and attempted to emulate the confessional poem warmheartednesss Needle by Shodgrass (Discovering Biographies 2). Sexton decided to enroll in Robert Lowells graduate writing seminar at the Boston Center for Adult breeding (Discovering Biographies 2). She then went on to be a scholar at the Radcliffe Institute for Independent Study from 1961- 1963 (American Literature 3596).