Kansas-Nebraska Act Essay -- essays research papers

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and opened new lands for settlement. Because in that respect was millions of acres of arable farmland, it was necessary to create a territorial home that would everyow settlement. The people living in the Kansas-Nebraska area also wanted a railroad system for transportation. The railroad workers wanted to expand their railroad there as well, because they needed farmers for customers. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was created and proposed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, who greatly supported the railroad system. Douglas was excited to have a railroad system that reached from his home city, Chicago, all the way to California. However, the Southerners felt differently about(predicate) the railroad. The Southerners wanted a transcontinental railroad that began in New Orleans and extended to Southern California. Their different views about the railroads brought conflict between Douglas and the Southern Senators, so Douglas decided to make a compromise with them. Instead of having the railroad run throu...

Roman And Greek Gods Essay -- essays research papers

roman letters and Greek GodsIt has been known that the roman types and the Greeks contrive had many interactions with apiece other, whether it would be due to trading or just plain traveling, the stories of their myths render crossed each other in one way or another. This is may be the reason why in that respect are many similarities between Greek and papistic Mythology. Even though a Greek god or goddess may shake a divers(prenominal) name in Roman Mythology they still performed similar tasks and were worshiped for similar reasons. I will compare and contrast Greek gods with their Roman equivalences to see how similar they genuinely are to each other. in both alike(p)lihood the most famous Greek god, Zeus, was the god of all gods. Born to Cronus and Rhea, he was the ruler of the sky, and had the indicator to create thunderstorms and lightning as rise as earthquakes. As the reputation goes he overthrew his father, Cronus, and became the ruler of Mount Olympus to head t he new line of Gods. Jupiter, similarly known as Jove, was very much like Zeus. He was the predominant power holder among the Roman Gods. According to Tripp, Jupiter is a contraction of two words meaning Heavenly Father.(Pg. 332) He ruled the sky, controlled all of the weather, and had thunderbolts as a weapon. Tripp to a fault wrote Jupiters cult and his general character were, however, wholesome established in Italy before the Greek religion became influential there. (Pg. 333) This implies that the whim of Zeus, Jupiter and Jove had very little work on each other since they were created before the Greek myths and Roman myths had started to cross paths. Hera, the wife and sister of Zeus, was the goddess of marriage, childbirth, and the queen of the heavens. She gave birth to Ares, Hebe, and Eileithyia. She similarly gave birth to Hephaestus, save it has been believed that she weary him without the aid of Zeus. In Ovids Metamorphoses, she was extremely jealous of the affairs that her husband had and she often tormented or harmed Zeuss mistresses. Juno, the feminine version of Jupiters name, is Heras counterpart. Juno had many names that served for different purposes. As Juno Pronuba, she was goddess of marriage, as Juno Lucina, she was the goddess of childbirth, and as Juno Regina, she was the special counselor and protector of the Roman state. (Roman fabulous Characters, Juno) In Tripp, there was also a Juno Moneta that was governed finances. (Pg. 332) It seem... ...t Greek gods and Roman gods have many similarities. In the cases of Hermes, Mercury, Athena, and Minerva, they are so similar that they might as well up be called the same name. With the comparisons of Hera, Ares, and their Roman counterparts, we can see that everything is the same except for their attitudes. Hera seems to be more of a mean goddess than Juno because humans in reality offer praises to Juno and actually expect Juno to help her. Hera was in addition busy causing harm towa rds Zeus mistress. Ares was just the meaner and more aggressive version of Mars. Venus may as well have been Aphrodite because it was believed that her myths were borrowed from Aphrodite. Zeus and Jupiter were similar, but were written in different times, suggesting a heavy coincidence that the Greeks and the Romans were on the same page. Overall, Greek gods and Roman gods are and so very similar. If they do have differences, they are always fairly petty and do not affect their general purpose within mythology. The interactions between the Greeks and Romans have definitely tied each others myths together so close that a story from Greek mythology can easily be reciprocal with a story from Roman Mythology. Roman And Greek Gods Essay -- essays research papersRoman and Greek GodsIt has been known that the Romans and the Greeks have had many interactions with each other, whether it would be due to trading or just plain traveling, the stories of their myths have crossed each other in one way or another. This is may be the reason why there are many similarities between Greek and Roman Mythology. Even though a Greek god or goddess may have a different name in Roman Mythology they still performed similar tasks and were worshiped for similar reasons. I will compare and contrast Greek gods with their Roman equivalences to see how similar they truly are to each other. Probably the most famous Greek god, Zeus, was the god of all gods. Born to Cronus and Rhea, he was the ruler of the sky, and had the power to create thunderstorms and lightning as well as earthquakes. As the story goes he overthrew his father, Cronus, and became the ruler of Mount Olympus to head the new line of Gods. Jupiter, also known as Jove, was very much like Zeus. He was the predominant power holder among the Roman Gods. According to Tripp, Jupiter is a contraction of two words meaning Heavenly Father.(Pg. 332) He ruled the sky, controlled all of the weather, and had thunderbolts as a weapon. Tripp also wrote Jupiters cult and his general character were, however, well established in Italy before the Greek religion became influential there. (Pg. 333) This implies that the idea of Zeus, Jupiter and Jove had very little influence on each other since they were created before the Greek myths and Roman myths had started to cross paths. Hera, the wife and sister of Zeus, was the goddess of marriage, childbirth, and the queen of the heavens. She gave birth to Ares, Hebe, and Eileithyia. She also gave birth to Hephaestus, but it has been believed that she bore him without the aid of Zeus. In Ovids Metamorphoses, she was extremely jealous of the affairs that her husband had and she often tormented or harmed Zeuss mistresses. Juno, the feminine version of Jupiters name, is Heras counterpart. Juno had many names that served for different purposes. As Juno Pronuba, she was goddess of marriage, as Juno Lucina, she was the goddess of childbirth, and as Juno Regina, she was t he special counselor and protector of the Roman state. (Roman Mythological Characters, Juno) In Tripp, there was also a Juno Moneta that was governed finances. (Pg. 332) It seem... ...t Greek gods and Roman gods have many similarities. In the cases of Hermes, Mercury, Athena, and Minerva, they are so similar that they might as well be called the same name. With the comparisons of Hera, Ares, and their Roman counterparts, we can see that everything is the same except for their attitudes. Hera seems to be more of a mean goddess than Juno because humans actually offer praises to Juno and actually expect Juno to help her. Hera was too busy causing harm towards Zeus mistress. Ares was just the meaner and more aggressive version of Mars. Venus may as well have been Aphrodite because it was believed that her myths were borrowed from Aphrodite. Zeus and Jupiter were similar, but were written in different times, suggesting a heavy coincidence that the Greeks and the Romans were on the same page. Overall, Greek gods and Roman gods are indeed very similar. If they do have differences, they are always fairly petty and do not affect their general purpose within mythology. The interactions between the Greeks and Romans have definitely tied each others myths together so close that a story from Greek mythology can easily be interchangeable with a story from Roman Mythology.

Serialization in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens :: Charles Dickens

      In Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities, serialization is an important and effective tool that divides the literary work into episodes, creating a suspensive plot. In addition, serialization also creates a soap opera effect on the novels readers, leaving them with a cliff-hanger scenario at the end of each episode.         A study effect of serialization is the change it renders in character development. Sydney Carton would be a prime example. In the novels beginning, he is portrayed as a drunk, a loser with no purpose to his life. However, as the readers go on, they find that Carton is, indeed, not what he seems to be. Ultimately, our reprobate saves Charles Darnays life from certain death and is instrumental in having him escape to England with his beloved Lucie, their daughter, and his father-in-law, Dr. Manette.         Charles Dickens uses an unusual method of serialization that resembles th at used by daytime soaps. After covering several plot developments of several characters, ordinarily primary ones, he switches to a series of subplots involving other characters, usually secondary ones. For example, after Dickens covers the adventure of the Marquis St. Evremonde, he jumps back to Darnay. The effect is a narrative hook that encourages the readers to go on. This leads to suspense and, of course, a successful tale.         A final, and obvious, effect of serialization is the steady advancement of plot development. As the novel is dual-lane into thematic parts, it gives the readers a definite feeling for the plot and causes them to think about possible outcomes.

Essay --

Tyler MillerCommunicationsMrs. SeilerJanuary 15, 2013 bother Potter and the Sorcerers StoneOne dark night at Number 4, Privet Drive Albus Dumbledore, the head of a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, meets Professor McGonagall, a teacher at Hogwarts, and Hagrid, the grounds keeper of Hogwarts, outside the Dursley home. Dumbledore tells McGonagall that Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who was doing his best to assimilate the world into darkness, has killed Mr. and Mrs. Potter and tried unsuccessfully to kill their baby son, Harry. Dumbledore leaves Harry with the only family he has the Dursleys, much to the dismay of Professor McGonagall and Hagrid, with an explanatory note in a basket in front of the Dursley home. Ten twelvemonths later, the Dursley household is dominated by Dudley, the Dursleys son, who torments and bullies Harry. Mysterious letters embark on arriving for Harry, from Professor Dumbledore. The letters begin to worry Mr. Dursley, who vainly tries to keep them from his nephew, plainly the letters keep arriving through literally every crack in the house. Finally, in a last underprice effort to keep the letters from reaching Harry, Mr. Dursley moves his family to a dark dismal shack in the middle of nowhere near the coast. On the eve of Harrys eleventh birthday, Harry makes a wish and Hagrid bursts through the shacks door and ,after giving Dudley a pigs tail, whisks the eleven year old Harry away from his sadistic relatives.The next day, Hagrid takes Harry to London to shop for school supplies. First they go to the wizard bank, Gringotts. Followed by a shop spree on Diagon Alley, where Harry buys his books, ingredients for potions, and, finally, a magic wand. A month later, Harry goes to the train station and catches hi... ...rised and makes him state what he sees. Harry, oddly enough, sees himself with the stone in his pocket, and at that same moment he actually feels it in his pocket. Harry tells Quirrell that he sees something else. Voldemort tells Quirrell that the boy is lying and requests to speak to Harry face to face. Voldemort ultimately, instructs Quirrell to kill Harry, but Quirrell is burned by contact with the boy. and his body begins to break down into dust. A struggle ensues and Harry passes out. When Harry awakens, he finds himself in the schools infirmary wing with Dumbledore. Dumbledore explains that he saved Harry from Quirrell just in time. He adds that he and Flamel have destroyed the stone, because they fear the stones powers are too great to survive any longer. The school year comes to an end, and Harry sadly must returns to the Dursleys home till next year begins.

Marijuana: Friend to the Dying :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Marijuana superstar to the Dying   Peter is an aid patient. The ruby nausea caused by the handfuls of pills he must take every day prevents anything he eats from staying down. Even the pill to calm the vomiting wont stay in his stomach long enough to take effect. He has scattered nearly forty pounds and is unrecognizable, even to himself. He has given up on life, and he dreads from each one(prenominal) day because of the pain and the sorrow it brings.   Now imagine theres a dose that may help Peter, a drug that helps him keep food down or even makes him hungry, a drug that helps him gain weight, a drug that gives him the hope that he will live long enough to see a cure, a drug that helps him accept whats happening to his body. For Peter and many different patients, this drug is cannabis.   Marijuana was first outlawed in the 1920s and 30s when tabloid magazines printed distorted reports of violent crimes attached by immigrants using marijuana which led to the Ma rihuana measure Act(The Facts). The two hearings held by Congress to debate the dangers of marijuana totaled no more than than one hour with the American Medical Association (AMA) acting as the sole opponent to the extremum. Arguments by the AMA were ignored, and misinformation and ignorance guided the House of Representatives as they approved the bill that remains today prohibiting the use of marijuana for any reason.   soon enough smoking marijuana has proved itself again and again through anecdotal evidence to be an effective treatment of extreme nausea in AIDS patients as well as in cancer patients (Conant 150). It also relieves some symptoms associated with glaucoma and multiple sclerosis (The Facts). The People of California and Arizona knew this when they voted for Proposition 215, which passed 55 to 45 percent, and Proposition 200, which passed 64 to 36 percent, respectively (Quayle pg 154). These propositions legalized marijuana for medical use in each of the two states. Also, between the years 1978 and 1996, thirty-four states passed laws acknowledging marijuanas medicinal capabilities (The Facts). It would have the appearance _or_ semblance that many Americans are seeing marijuana as a valuable tool in the medical field and that further research into the medical benefits of marijuana could only be an asset in the fight to ease the pain of the dying.  Marijuana Friend to the Dying Argumentative Persuasive Topics Marijuana Friend to the Dying   Peter is an AIDS patient. The violent nausea caused by the handfuls of pills he must take every day prevents anything he eats from staying down. Even the pill to calm the vomiting wont stay in his stomach long enough to take effect. He has lost nearly forty pounds and is unrecognizable, even to himself. He has given up on life, and he dreads each day because of the pain and the sorrow it brings.   Now imagine theres a drug that may help Peter, a drug that helps him keep food down or e ven makes him hungry, a drug that helps him gain weight, a drug that gives him the hope that he will live long enough to see a cure, a drug that helps him accept whats happening to his body. For Peter and many other patients, this drug is marijuana.   Marijuana was first outlawed in the 1920s and 30s when tabloid magazines printed distorted reports of violent crimes committed by immigrants using marijuana which led to the Marihuana Tax Act(The Facts). The two hearings held by Congress to debate the dangers of marijuana totaled no more than one hour with the American Medical Association (AMA) acting as the sole opponent to the bill. Arguments by the AMA were ignored, and misinformation and ignorance guided the House of Representatives as they approved the bill that remains today prohibiting the use of marijuana for any reason.   Yet smoking marijuana has proved itself again and again through anecdotal evidence to be an effective treatment of extreme nausea in AIDS patients a s well as in cancer patients (Conant 150). It also relieves some symptoms associated with glaucoma and multiple sclerosis (The Facts). The People of California and Arizona knew this when they voted for Proposition 215, which passed 55 to 45 percent, and Proposition 200, which passed 64 to 36 percent, respectively (Quayle pg 154). These propositions legalized marijuana for medical use in each of the two states. Also, between the years 1978 and 1996, thirty-four states passed laws acknowledging marijuanas medicinal capabilities (The Facts). It would seem that many Americans are seeing marijuana as a valuable tool in the medical field and that further research into the medical benefits of marijuana could only be an asset in the fight to ease the pain of the dying.  

Marijuana: Friend to the Dying :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

marijuana Friend to the Dying   Peter is an help patient. The red-faced nausea caused by the handfuls of pills he must take every day prevents anything he eats from supporting down(p). Even the pill to calm the vomiting wont stay in his stomach long enough to take effect. He has lost nearly deucescore pounds and is unrecognizable, even to himself. He has given up on life, and he dreads each day because of the pain and the sorrow it brings.   Now imagine theres a drug that whitethorn help Peter, a drug that helps him keep food down or even makes him hungry, a drug that helps him gain weight, a drug that gives him the hope that he will live long enough to see a cure, a drug that helps him accept whats happening to his body. For Peter and many other patients, this drug is marijuana.   Marijuana was first outlawed in the 1920s and 30s when tabloid magazines printed distorted reports of violent crimes committed by immigrants using marijuana which led to the Marihuana T ax Act(The Facts). The two hearings held by Congress to debate the dangers of marijuana totaled no more than one hour with the American Medical Association (AMA) acting as the fillet of sole opponent to the bill. Arguments by the AMA were ignored, and misinformation and ignorance guided the House of Representatives as they clear the bill that remains today prohibiting the use of marijuana for any reason.   Yet smoking marijuana has proved itself again and again through anecdotal exhibit to be an effective treatment of extreme nausea in AIDS patients as tumefy as in cancer patients (Conant 150). It also relieves some symptoms associated with glaucoma and sevenfold sclerosis (The Facts). The People of California and Arizona knew this when they voted for Proposition 215, which passed 55 to 45 percent, and Proposition 200, which passed 64 to 36 percent, respectively (Quayle pg 154). These propositions legalized marijuana for medical use in each of the two states. Also, between the years 1978 and 1996, thirty-four states passed laws acknowledging marijuanas medicinal capabilities (The Facts). It would seem that many Americans atomic number 18 seeing marijuana as a valuable putz in the medical field and that further research into the medical benefits of marijuana could only be an asset in the fight to ease the pain of the dying.  Marijuana Friend to the Dying Argumentative Persuasive Topics Marijuana Friend to the Dying   Peter is an AIDS patient. The violent nausea caused by the handfuls of pills he must take every day prevents anything he eats from staying down. Even the pill to calm the vomiting wont stay in his stomach long enough to take effect. He has lost nearly forty pounds and is unrecognizable, even to himself. He has given up on life, and he dreads each day because of the pain and the sorrow it brings.   Now imagine theres a drug that may help Peter, a drug that helps him keep food down or even makes him hungry, a drug that helps him gain weight, a drug that gives him the hope that he will live long enough to see a cure, a drug that helps him accept whats happening to his body. For Peter and many other patients, this drug is marijuana.   Marijuana was first outlawed in the 1920s and 30s when tabloid magazines printed distorted reports of violent crimes committed by immigrants using marijuana which led to the Marihuana Tax Act(The Facts). The two hearings held by Congress to debate the dangers of marijuana totaled no more than one hour with the American Medical Association (AMA) acting as the sole opponent to the bill. Arguments by the AMA were ignored, and misinformation and ignorance guided the House of Representatives as they approved the bill that remains today prohibiting the use of marijuana for any reason.   Yet smoking marijuana has proved itself again and again through anecdotal evidence to be an effective treatment of extreme nausea in AIDS patients as well as in cancer patients (Conant 15 0). It also relieves some symptoms associated with glaucoma and multiple sclerosis (The Facts). The People of California and Arizona knew this when they voted for Proposition 215, which passed 55 to 45 percent, and Proposition 200, which passed 64 to 36 percent, respectively (Quayle pg 154). These propositions legalized marijuana for medical use in each of the two states. Also, between the years 1978 and 1996, thirty-four states passed laws acknowledging marijuanas medicinal capabilities (The Facts). It would seem that many Americans are seeing marijuana as a valuable tool in the medical field and that further research into the medical benefits of marijuana could only be an asset in the fight to ease the pain of the dying.  

Save Our Children

Saving our children On average at least five children die eitherday as a issuing of child handle and neglect. Approximately 80% of children that die from abuse atomic number 18 under the age of four. A report of child abuse is made every ten seconds. The children of America are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. What is child abuse? Federal legislation states that child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment of children. Neglect, or not providing for a childs needs, is also a form of abuse.The different types of child abuse are neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological maltreatment, and medical neglect. The story of Bethany Loerke is one haunted by memories of her early abuse as a child. Bethany was 2 when Child antifertility Services removed her and her infant sister from a trailer of deplorable conditions. She was partially blinded because of pink eye and shingles, which were not improving because of neglect and a home full of filth.Loerke had two older brothers who had been previously removed and returned three times. Police once found them during a mistaken drug bust, unsupervised and living with dogs, no electricity and no running water. The parents eventually lost their parental rights. The girls however were kept together through most of Loerkes 10 value placements in the following year. When Bethany was 5 she was adopted by James and Beth Loerke and life seemed better, at least on the surface. Bethany began getting molested by James Loerke almost immediately.However she stayed unspoken believing in the threats that no one would believe her and she would be cast out a home again. Eventually on her 11th birthday Bethany came frontwards and told her mother of the abuse. James Loerke has been in jail or prison since September 2002. More than 90% of sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator is some way. That is on the dot one case of abuse where justice was served most cases arent so lucky. Ch ild abuse occurs at every socioeconomic level, across ethnic and cultural lines, within all religions and at all levels of education.Read also How Different Types of Transitions Can Affect Children

The Influence of Television in Politics

The Influence of idiot box in Politics Kendra Harris Brigham Young University- Idaho Author Note This paper was prep ared for Professor Kiersten Lees FDENG 201 class. The Influence of tv in Politics Americans are the best entertained and quite likely the least-informed tribe in the Western world. (Postman, 1984, p. 2) While this statement is painfully ominous, its message is iodine that has been debated tire littlely since the dawn of technology. The influence of television system in politics is one with strong advocates and opponents.There have been many studies and investigations into the effects of technology on the policy-making world, and to that degree no conclusive evidence has come forth. (Rannay, 1985, p. 3) Despite this, it is no mystery that television has irrevocably lurchd politics in the past and now. The responsibility for this change does non lie solely with television or with the audience. What remains to be seen is whether this effect has been detrimental or beneficial to the political carry through. Between 1947 and 1955, the percentage of American homes owning television sets rose from less than 1 to 65 percent today, almost everybody has a TV set. (Rannay, 1985, p. ) The television set became commercially available in the 1920s, but did not begin to have a political effect until the 1952 presidential campaign between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson. While Stevenson did not approve of electronic campaigning, Eisenhower to took the screens, creating short spot commercials to provoke his television image. (Kaid, 1981, p. 47) These commercials helped Eisenhower to create an image that was friendly and charming, which lastly led to him winning the campaign. Since this pioneering campaign, Every presidential campaign has relied heavily on political television spots. Television campaigning dominates the political world, and 50-75% of all campaign budgets in the 1992 presidential campaign were devoted to TV spots, commercia ls, and shows. (Devlin, 1992, p. 12) Given this evidence, it is easy to conclude that the television is vital in modern politics, but one must take into account what political message the television is giving to the American audience. Over the past five decades of political spot use, about one-third of all spots for presidential campaigns have been negative spots. (Devlin, 1992, p. 12) The television, while useful, is used today primarily for entertainment.If something is not quick, easy, and fun, then it has no place on the television. Everything from court trials to private lives are put on the screen for personal enjoyment, and it is no different with politics. No longer do politicians bring to provide in-depth answers to political questions, or prove to the American audience that their policies and platform are sound they merely need to be liked. In the age of television, people do not so much agree or disagree with politicians as they like or dislike them, for the image is n ot susceptible to validation or refutation, but to acceptance or rejection. (Postman, 1984, p. 3) There is no need for politicians to prove that they should be in the White House with their words, because Americans forget judge them on their looks and character before ever listening to what they have to say. Of course, Americans would be lucky to even hear what politicians have to say. Most political speeches and debates are cut atomic pile to soundbites, snippets of candidate messages or commentary excerpts, (Kaid, 1981, p. 4) by news programs, newspapers, and online journals. By the 1980s, most presidential campaign c overage on news programs were cut down to soundbites of only about nine seconds.These soundbites catch the best part of the presidential campaign, resulting in television news coverage that concentrates more on candidate images, horserace journalism (whos winning, whos losing, opinion poll results), and campaign strategy than on issue concerns. (Kaid, 1981, p. 4 ) Americans are so used to seeing the bare bones of political campaigns that they no longer search for the meat in issues. Instead, they just skim over politics, taking in a few stories here and there (mostly the more disputed stories that get more media coverage) and make their decision as to who pull up stakes be president.Despite the accomplishments of television and the media their news departments tend to operate as a show-business. (Goodman, 1994, n. p. ) Just like in show business, anything slow and detailed is boring in television, and so Americans greedily gobble up light dishes of insignificant facts, leaving the heavier business of issue concerns to others. This groom is chronic and has become painfully evident in the late political season A medium that has shown it can bring information and even ideas efficaciously to millions is reduced every two years to a tool for stirring up emotions and shutting down minds. (Goodman, 1994, n. p. ) But enough of this depressi ng business for a moment let us discuss why we are allowing ourselves to become so politically lazy. The social stigma of a lazy American is vulgar but is not necessarily true. So why do so many Americans allow themselves to be swept up in political frenzy, eventually making bad decisions that lead to bad government? The answer is in the charge we think. As Americans become exposed to more and more information the superpower to think deeply and comprehensively is lost.In modern times, the advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and theyve been widely described and punctually applauded. (Carr, 2008, p. 2) Carr continues to say though, that having access to this amount of information comes at a price. Americans are getting their information from the media, but our information does not come from an inert source. red-hot programs control what political information we have access to, and politicians live in a world where they cant control the message. (Negaunee, 2006, n. p. Instead of being attached in depth messages from candidates, news programs give us small scraps of information. As we learn snippets of information over many years, we begin to think in snippets of information, and we slowly lose our ability and capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it in a swiftly moving stream of particles. (Carr, 2008, p. 2) The television is no different from the Net in this regard, and so Americans now expect a unconstipated stream of politics, without any private road needed in order to know everything about political candidates.The true grit of politics the issues, the questions, the problems, the things that matter are not included in this steady stream. And so Americans, by our own actions, avoid the deep facts. We make decisions based on half-truths and unsearched details- decisions that shape our government. Without the ab ility to think and study issues for ourselves, we rely heavily on a candidates looks, charisma, and coverage in order to make our decision. Today, we are merely vessels for voting, deprived of independent thought. (Huxley, 1958, p. ) As Aldous Huxley states, Today the art of mind-control is in process of becoming a science. The practitioners of this science know what they are doing and why. (Huxley, 1958, p. 2) While mind control may seem a little far-fetched right now, we as Americans are allowing ourselves to be controlled by our televisions, controlled by newscasters and programs that know exactly what they are doing when they give us inaccurate and unilateral information. Perhaps one of the best examples for showing the instill of television on politics is the presidential election of 1960.The race was between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. The first televised debate of this candidacy brought very different reactions between those who watched it on the television, and those who heard it on the radio. A survey of those who listened to the debate on radio indicated that Nixon had won however, those who watched on television, and were able to contrast Nixons poor posture and poorly shaven face with Kennedys poise and grace, were more likely to think Kennedy had won the debate. (Stephens, n. d. , n. . ) There is no saying who would have been a better president, or who was more able for the role, but this evidence shows that television heavily influenced the audiences opinion of the candidates. Those who watched the debate on the television preferred the more attractive portrait of JFK versus that of the less attractive Nixon. Those on the radio the ones who actually listened to the debate versus watching the people felt that Nixon had won because his policies and debating skills overpowered those of JFK.This poses the question would Nixon have won if there had been no television? Should JFK have won based on his good looks? And perhaps, we must ask the most ominous question of all Do we want people elective as president based merely on good looks and a warm personality, or do we want them elected based on superior policies and management skills? All of this seems a little extravagant and paranoid and yet the evidence rings true. We as Americans let looks and personality get in the way of actual politics and brains when it comes to a political election.Undoubtedly, the television has detrimentally affected politics. It has changed the way we think, and have made us intellectually lazy. It has changed the way we vote, making us vote based on superfluous details versus cold hard facts. Television is not completely to blame though, for Americans have played their part in allowing themselves to become lazy. The only solution to the political epidemic sweeping the nation is to change the way we think. In order to do this, we must first change the source of our information. The solution is not to bemoan technology but to devel op strategies of self-control, as we do with every other temptation in life. (Pinker, 2010, p. 2) As we contract ourselves to seek complete and unbiased information by watching complete debates, reading platforms, and studying issues (or, if we cannot find unbiased information, at least studying the biased information on both sides of an issue to get the full story), we will be able to make well-informed decisions. As we seek the truth, news programs will begin to catch on that the audience demands more complete information, and we will begin to get what we crave.Only when we have the true report about politics will we be able to make better decisions regarding government and better our lives. References Carr, N. (2008) Is google making us stupid? In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigsen, A. Papworth & R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-8). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho. Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Huxley, A. (1958) Propaganda under a dictatorship . In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigsen, A. Papworth & R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-5). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho.Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Kaid, L. (1981) Political advertising. In D. Nimmo and K. R. Sanders (Eds. ), Handbook of political communication. Beverly Hills Sage. Nagourney, A. (2006) Politics faces sweeping change via the web. sweet York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http//www. nytimes. com/2006/04/02/washington/ 02campaign. html? pagewanted=all Pinker, S. (2010) Mind over mass media. In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigsen, A. Papworth & R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-4). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho.Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Postman, N. (1984) Amusing ourselves to death. In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigsen, A. Papworth & R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-4). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho. Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Ranney, A. (198 5) Channels of power the impact of television on American politics. (pp. 1-7). New York Basic Books. Stephen, M. (n. d. ) History of television. New York University. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http//www. nyu. edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page. htm

Analysis of the Text “the Time-Sweepers” by Ursula Wills-Jones

Analysis of the text The Time-Sweepers By Ursula Wills-Jones The following short story is about while-sweepers and lost time. They are race who sweep up all the time that is lost or wasted. They are invisible, but sometimes they can be noticed. They carry a broom, a imbibe and a big dustpun. The time-sweepers are hard-working. They work every day and are never sick. The lost and wasted time is packed and recycled.But not every instance of time can be recycled, the most poisoned time is buried in a tank underneath a disused army base. The rest of the time can be sold to the people who need it or distributed to good causes or emergency situations. The full text is built on the conflict betwixt people who waste time and people who sweep up all the time that is lost and wasted. Ursula Wills-Jones idealizes the time-sweepers and ridicules people.The author uses the stylistic device of climax in severalise to describe different types of time wasting the man who has waited so long to propose to his girlfriend the woman who has spent thirty-five loathed years in an land agents, dreaming of opening a florists. The author refers to the stylistic device of hyperbole in order to laugh at the people who waste time the time-sweeper impart pass straight by the desk of the woman who is reading a holiday catalogue under the desk, poring over photos of tropical beaches.They will pass by the succeeding(a) desk, where a man is enjoyably wondering what his mother-in-law looks like naked, and stop by the desk of the young man who is counting every minute, and loathing the hours. The author creates a incessant presence of time sweepers. The reader feels that they are everywhere in the railway station, in the office, at your desk. The time-sweepers are hard-working they dont like to rest because there is so mush wasted time after holidays it takes them around three weeks to resume normal service

Effective Training †Expectancy Theory Essay

Expectancy theory maintains that people will make an effort to achieve a standard of performance if they perceive that it will be rewarded by a desirable outcome (Wilson, 1999), giving more effort will result in better performance, these probable organizational rewards are valued by the employee, and better job performance will result to organizational rewards which includes an increase in benefits or salary.Desirable outcome is essenti everyy a product of individual circumstances and perceptions and is therefore a subject to change. According to Wilson, at one time, lifelong craft and security of tenure at an equitable level of remuneration may have been the driving force for many employees.Those who have suffered the effect s of downsize and redundancy are now likely to gaze the world in different manner, where jobs offering short depot and reasonably remunerated employment prospects are more attractive than no job at all, and similarly, those in employment and those seeking e mployment are likely to have a positive view of work offering the prospect of development of differentiated and transferrable skills, as an investment in their future employability (Wilson, 1999).If one of the managers will say that he doesnt have time for this theory stuff and he wants real-world training that will help him in his job, I will tell him first that, outsourcing, downsizing, delayering, and casualisation of jobs are all fashionable but these trends affect employees explicit or implicit relationships with their employer, and similarly, reduced career oppurtunities, shorter tenure, the need for transferrable skills to assist employability, and increased used of fixed term contracts weaken the traditional ties of loyalty to their companys destiny psychologically as well as formally (Wilson, 1999).I will tell him that he should do anything which will encourage his employees to trust their organization or company because it is important to earn employees trust and loyalty t o the company to achieve better productivity.

Middle Class Black Burden Essay

The Middle Class Blacks BurdenLeanita McClain, an African American journalist, was greatly acknowledge as a sear African American middle class victor. McClain was condemned by her own peers and was pated on the head by whites who believed her success was only based on talent than affirmative action . Due to prejudice whites and berate blacks, Leanita was forced to choose between the envy of her own draw or for her own amentities. In McClains turn up, The Middle Class Blacks Burden, She uses percise Rhetorical Strategies to express her burden. Those strategies are Compare/Contrast, Authors Tone, and crystalline Appeal.McClain uses the rhetorical outline of compare/contrast to depict her burden. McClain compared her lifstyle of her childishness to her success as a middle class black woman. Leanita was castigated by her peers simply because they tangle she sold out her nation to work as a middle class African american. Others felt that she forgot where she came and that she char acterized herself as white instead of black. In her essay she stated , It is impossible for me to forget where I came from as long as I am prey to the jiv hustler who does not hesitate to exploit my childhood friendship. With blacks passing judgements, a heavy burden was placed on the back of Leanita. This Rhetorical Strategy was very effective because it helps the reader understand how her sustenance as a lower class affected how her life was as a middle class.The second Rherorical Strategy McClain uses to express her burden was line. McClains tone throughtout essay is depressed and conf employ. Part of the tone is confused becuase McClain doesnt know if she should stand aside her nation or pursue her career in the middle class. It excessively shows depression because both sides are nagging at her and making her feel as if shes unwanted from both. In her essay it she states, I have a foot in each world, but I cannot fool myself about either. I can see the transparent deceptions ofsome whites and the bitter hoplessness of some blacks. This rhetorical strategy was effective because it displays how the authors depression she felt througout her life.The last Rhetorical strategy McClain uses to depict her burden was Logical Appeal. All three were used for the reader to understand why she feel shes torn between two worlds. In her essay McClain mostly uses ethos and pathos to explain her burden. Being an african american journalist in chicago, made her appeal as a figure that people would consider. However, judgements from blacks made her feel indifferent. In Mclains essay, My Turn, she states, Some of my openhanded white acquaintances pat me on the head, hinting that I am a freak, , I may live among them, but it is difficult to live with them. This personify her chose of rhetorical strategies. This strategy is effective because it helps the reader percieve the choice of words the authors uses.Conclusively, McClains rhetorical strategies not only help the read er, but displayed her appeal as a middle class black woman. The Rhetorical strategies that Leanita used were proven to be effective and impacted the theme of the passage.

How does the TWS benefit the teacher? Essay

The Teacher Work Sample (TWS) employs almost the same processes that instructors follow in lesson planning and classroom instruction except that TWS is more than than mere planning and performance. It also includes developing a Contextual description of the class and as its final step, a Reflection and Self-Evaluation of the instruction. The TWS is, therefore, a blueprint of a complete and ideal teaching performance.The process involved in creating a TWS can help me better my instruction in the classroom because it is a heart by which the would-be teacher becomes familiarized with the real world of the teaching profession, what to expect and how to go about with the rigors of classroom teaching. For instance, the first step in TWS, sagacious the characteristics of the learners beforehand, could prevent those awkward moments when the teacher, armed with only a lesson plan, is thrust into a group of students who might not be ready for the planned instruction.Also, the thorough per plexity to the details of teaching that creating a TWS demands is an exercise in efficiency that the teacher could bring into his classroom performance. The TWS benefits the teacher in many ways. It develops self-awareness and provides a point of self-reflection to the teacher as a part of the TWS is for the teacher to analyze student performance and determine which parts could be changed or improved.It enables the teacher to analyze his strengths and weaknesses based on the assessment results. It makes him conscious of the manner in which he designs lessons, and in how to transfer knowledge and assess students correctly. The TWS also gives the teacher a better understanding of his students and their weaknesses and points by which he could focus future instruction. It helps the teacher, therefore, to make better decisions for future instruction.

Baruch Spinoza

Baruch de de Spinoza was born in Amsterdam and was given a Jewish traditional upbringing. He was educated at the congregations academy where he received both the necessary education in regard to the perceptions of the Jewish community at that time. Most of the teachings in the academy by then constituted of religious education, prophetic writings and commentaries in rabbinical.His excellence in this area nevertheless did not give him a reason to seek higher studies except rather left school to study in his family air. History has it that it was his curious and critical nature that aft(prenominal)ward brought fore a conflict between him and the Jewish community.With the death of his father during the England and the France war, his m early(a) having died earlier, he embarked on philosophy and optics and it is believed that eventually the cause of his death was a firmness of purpose of glass dust inhaled while tending to his optic trade (Richard, 1999, 52). The Jewish communit y in which he was brought up together with the businesses that he conducted gave him the opportunity of interacting with some(prenominal) and more diverse thoughts than those he had been accustomed to while in school and also in the family life.Important here is the contact he made with the free persuasion Protestants who gave him an interest in a wide variety of theological thinking and current developments in science and philosophy. It was as history has it through and through colleges that were organized by these free thinkers that he was exposed to what flowerpot be referred to as Cartesian thought besides the desire to canvass and infrastand his own traditions. His desire to learn his traditions led him to start writing for philosophical figures such as Gersonides and later to expand his intellect in which case he want the tutelage of Franciscus Enden who was an Ex-Jesuit.His learn turned out to be most helpful to Spinoza as he had interest in many a(prenominal) deeds such as medicament which kept him seeking for all the latest developments in sciences. According to history, Franciscus was also well known to have an irreligious cast of mind and a fondness in advocating for political ideas that reflected democracy for all. In essence, the knowledge that Spinoza attained from Enden gave him a diverse view of the society and largely contributed to his plant in philosophy.In addition, the expert orientation that he acquired from his tutor led to an increase in his unorthodox views and reluctance in observing the rightfulnesss of the community a thing that eventually peril to strain his relationship with the Jewish community. In the year 1656, tensions with the elders of the community had grown to an extent that they sought to excommunicate him accusing him of abominable heresies and extending to him a series of curses (Richard, 1999, 47). The ablation given to him also prohibited him from communicating with another(prenominal)s in the communi ty.It also prohibited the community members from participating in business with him, coming into close proximity with him under all circumstances or studying anything written by him. This rendered him to be an outcast in the community despite the incident that he was by feature a Jew. All this events did not hinder his association with his tutor as opposed to his business. In contrast, he continued with his studies and even took various trips to the university to study the Cartesian philosophy.He was later to settle in Leiden in the same period and also embarked on his literary career. His first work is recorded in Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect. In this work he attempted to offer a method that would allow the mind to form philosophical ideas that are distinct and clear and which would allow for perfection. The work also contained an extended treatment of definition, an analysis of the causes and nature of doubt and a reflection on the various forms of knowledge.This work was however left unfinished and was later followed by the Short Treatise on immortal, Man and His Well Being and it was this work that reflected his interest in ethics. Though much of his work was based on the ideas of Descartes, Spinoza never acknowledged all the conclusions of him largely because he did not wish to be seen as a Cartesian. In his later work and with the help of the geometric method used by Descartes in philosophy, he sought to fully integrate geometric methods in presenting his own thoughts. This method forms the basis of most of his works thereafter the year 1665.By then, his work which was later to be known as Ethics was cosmos circulated amongst and by his friends back at home despite the fact that is was only inform of a draft. In this context, the religious and political environment of that time did not allow him to complete the Ethics but rather he sought to embark on other works which would prepare the audience for the Ethics. Later in his work known as the Theological- Political Treatise, he sought to argue the freedom of thought enhanced the security and the stability of the society rather than undermining it in the long run.It was in this work that Spinoza sought to turn up that the threat to the freedom of thought came largely from the clergy accusing the later of using the superstitions and fears of the people in an effort to maintain power. He thus argued that the s overeign should commit the authority of ruling the people as opposed to the clergy and that it was the sovereign that was supposed to extend liberty to the people, giving them the right to adhere to the minimal creed that was unbiassed in regard to the various sects and their meanings in the lives of the people.This was largely aimed at enabling the philosophers of the time to play their freedoms free from any constraints from sectarianism. This work ignited a disseminate of reproval from the oppvirtuosonts of philosophical ideas and the authorities who accused Spinoza of having nefarious intentions while writing it. Some of his friends were also uncomfortable with his latest work and together with the other opponents accused Spinoza of atheism a thing that he greatly resented himself. In the end, he was forced to move out to Hague where he spent all the rest of his life.His exile life did not hinder him from undertaking hike writings but rather he pressed on though no(prenominal) of his work thereon was to be published until after his death. Even after his death, his work now published in Holland experienced a lot of criticism and at some point was abolished in the country. Perhaps it would be right to say that it was Ethics that saw the popularity and the expertise of Spinoza grow in the field of philosophy. The Ethics was encompassed in five books with the first concentrating on immortal and the meaning of substance.The second of these books deals largely on the knowledge and the mind whereas the third, fourth and the fifth b ooks deals in the main with ethical discussions including the enslavement of the humanes by their emotions, the human freedom and passion. In this regard, his work on the treatise dealt mostly on the human freedom realisation through the analysis of passion and knowledge and the conflict between the two. To him and evident in many of his works, any knowledge theory, psychology of the nature of the humans and any metaphysics could be compared to an ethic that sought to explain the purpose of human life (Jonathan, 1999, 89).In Ethics, Spinoza makes the use of a basic presumption which can be seen as sharp and which states that to the intellect, the nature of the world is transparent in the sense that the dependence amongst the states and events in nature can be seen as reflections of the dependence amongst the various ideas held by the human. His line of credit was that each and everything existing in nature or the universe in other words represents only one reality or what can b e referred to as substance and that the rules governing the reality surrounding the human life and which he is a part of as a whole are encompassed in only one set.He viewed nature and God as representing only one reality or substance and that it is this substance that forms the basis of the universe (Francks, 2003, 99) Spinoza further argued that all entities in this substance are only modifications and that it is nature itself that determine the existence of all other things and their causality to other things. In this regard, he asserts that for one to understand the complex chain of causes and effects one must first strive to understand the various parts that constitute it as a whole.In lean for a single substance he says the substance is not dependent on anything else for its existence and that it is impossible for two substances to share the same attributes or nature. He argued that since substance can be conceived as being self dependent, then God can simply be seen as the o nly necessary being who despite this, is not distinct from the world. In this context, he sees God as the only existing substance with all other substances owing their existence to Him.On the other hand, God is immanent to the world and any existing individual things are as a result of modifications done by Him (Thomas, 1999, 58). In the same work, he extends his monism to the mind and matter arguing that each of them represented a characteristic of appreciating an eternal reality that was the same. He asserts that the universal substance consists of mind and body with no difference between the two. This argument was later to form a significant solution to the problem of mind and body commonly referred to as neutral monism.He argued that the revealing of the very essential nature of things could be attributed to intellect as opposed to senses. To him, an adequate and complete idea in regard to God reveals two attributes somewhat Him. In this context, God can be conceived through t hinking or through extension. As opposed to other philosophical and theological works that gives God the aspect of infinity, the methods explained by Spinoza explains that each of the above named ways of conceiving God helps in disclosing the attributes of his presence (Cohn-Sherbok, 1997, 68).According to him, humans should endeavor to increase their knowledge about God or the one reality and this can be done by discovering ways in which He or it in case of the reality constitutes a reality that is complete and self sufficiently unified and in which all the happenings that take place are necessary. He further argues that thinking forms a consciousness of the body and that the same mode should be conceived both under the attributes of thought and extension. In this regard, the body and the mind are seen as casually unrelated but rather as parallel expressions of only one reality.He argues further that in the system thought as dominated by God, error and evil requires explanations a nd in this context, he identify each with privation. In essence, he defines error as the lack of sufficient ideas and evils as the absence that express no essence. Spinoza in his work also sought to show that human senses provides modifications of the body as opposed to knowledge and that it is only through seeing them as true that we can be able to understand them (Samuelson, 1998, 48).Further, Spinoza seeks to explain human freedom or free will through the concept of time in which he contends that freedom encompasses the capacity of the humans to conceive the world in terms of eternity and free from the bondage of desires and emotions. He argues the free will result from the realization by the humans of their appetites on one hand and their failure to understand and conceptualize the reasons behind their needs and actions.Emotions and desires to Spinoza are just results of the ignorance of those causes that determine the human race (Cohn-Sherbok, 1997, 57). Further more, he argues that adequate cognition results into agency and activity. For one therefore to acquire adequacy, he first have to understand his emotions. In this context, he attempted to provide a geometry for emotions to demonstrate that humans are mostly driven by the unknown only to improve and gain control over them once they understand their motivations.In conclusion, he argues that religion, science and philosophy consists an intellectual love for God thus are identical (Schwartz, 2002, 105). In his writings on politics, Spinoza borrows much from the experience he gained from the political system of the time which he used as a basis for his theory on government. He argued that it was the business of the state to avoid putting limits on the exercise of reasons by humans but rather it should attempt to provide the necessary conditions in which reason and its exercise can flourish.Thus to him, constitutional democracy is a necessary and sufficient condition for the provision of a forum of free dom of opinion and reason within the law framework. In essence, he shares the assumptions of Hobbes in regard to the social contract in his political writings. This assumption can be states that a contract is only spine if it is for the advantage of one and that right is derived from power. The basis of his political power is mostly organized around the notion of freedom more so the freedom of head (Julian, 2006, 121).Spinozas works has been greatly translated all over the world in the modern times and he is considered to be one of the most influential figures in philosophy. In addition, his works have influenced other fields besides philosophy such as the field of science and literature. The outstanding influence of his works however remains in philosophy with modern philosophers adopting them in teaching and in formulating their own works. Despite the earlier ban of his work in Holland shortly after his death and publication of most of it, his work has greatly being adapted in m any areas today.In his works, he sought to explain and bring into the light many concepts which he believed would help in understanding the substance concept and the concept of human freedom on the other hand. Though borrowing much from the works of the earlier philosophers notably Descartes and Hobbes, he always retained his position in making or reaching conclusions. At times he rejected their conclusions and offered his own warning the reader that those conclusions were not necessarily right.Benedict de Spinoza died in a rented room in Hague where he had gone to spend the rest of his life after conflicts with the authorities in Holland and it is believed that he died of a respiratory problem caused by the glass dust inhaled during his optic grinding (Francks, 2003, 98). Work Cited Cohn-Sherbok Dan. Fifty Key Jewish Thinkers. London, Routledge, 1997, pp. 57, 68 Francks Richard. Modern Philosophy The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. London, Routledge, 2003, pp. 98, 99 Jonathan Israel. Dutch Jewry Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000). London, Brill, 2002, pp. 89Julian Wolfreys. Modern Criticism and Theory A full of life Guide. New York, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, pp. 121 Richard H. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia, Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 47, 52 Samuelson Norbert. An Introduction to Modern Jewish Philosophy. New York, State University of New York Press, 1998, pp. 48 Schwartz Dov. Faith at the Crossroads A Theological Profile of Religious Zionism. London, Brill, 2002, pp. 105 Thomas Edmund. Writers and Philosophers A Sourcebook of Philosophical Influences on Literature. London, Greenwood Press, 1999, p

Radio for Education in Bd

History of piano tuner in Bangladesh_ Bangladesh Betar (Bengali ) or BB is the state- possess receiving set beam organisation of Bangladesh. It was also kn ingest as radio set Bangladesh between 1975 and 1996. intercommunicate trans electric charge in the representation instanter forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. Initi solelyy, the beam was located in old Dhaka. Later, the station was relocated to Shahbag. It escapeed an important role during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.On March 26, 1971, the b be center of Radio Pakistan was ingestiond to transmit a declaration of license, which was picked up by a Japanese ship in the Chittagong Harbor and retransmitted. During the war, it was known as Shwadhin Bangla Betar K remainderro (Independent Bengal Radio Station). Due to heavy shelling, the station had to be relocated some(prenominal)(prenominal) snips, and ultimately moved to Calcutta on May 25, from where it would send until the end of the war. On December 6, it was renamed Bangladesh Betar. Today we imbibe 10 radio send campaigningning in Bangladesh. Those ar_ * ABC Radio (Bangladesh) * Bangladesh Betar * DHAKA FM 90. * Radio 2fun * Radio Amar * Radio Dhaka * Radio Foorti * Radio Metrowave * Radio Today * RadioGoonGoon Types of Radio_ - FM ( relative frequency Modulation) Radio Frequency conversion, FM is widely engrossd for a figure of radio communications applications. FM broadcasts on the haemorrhagic fever bands still provide exception eachy high quality ph nonpargonil, and FM is also used for a variety of forms of two way radio communications, and it is especially useful for mobile radio communications, being used in taxis, and m some(prenominal) a(prenominal) other forms of vehicle. n view of its widespread use, frequency modulation, FM, is an important form of modulation, despite many forms of digital transmission being used these days. FM, frequency modulation has been in use for many age. here tofore its advantages were not immediately apparent. In the early days of wire little, it was thought that a narrower bandwidth was required to reduce to-do and interference. As FM did not perform well below these conditions, AM predominated and FM was not used. just, Edwin Armstrong, an Ameri dirty dog engineer run acrossed at the use of wideband FM for broadcasting and introduced the idea against the trend of the thinking of the meter. Since its eldest introduction the use of frequency modulation, FM has grown enormously. Now wideband FM is still regarded as a very high quality transmission medium for high quality broadcasting. FM, frequency modulation is also widely used for communications where it is resilient to variations in prognostic strength. FM, frequency modulation basicsThe ab knocked out(p) obvious method of applying modulation to a signal is to superimpose the audio signal onto the amplitude of the carrier. However this is by no means the only method which can b e employed. It is also possible to take off the frequency of the signal to give frequency modulation or FM. It can be seen below that the frequency of the signal varies as the voltage of the modulating signal changes. Concept of frequency modulation The amount by which the signal frequency varies is very important. This is known as the deviation and is normally quoted as the number of kiloHertz deviation.As an slip the signal may have a deviation of 3 kHz. In this matter the carrier is do to move up and down by 3 kHz. - club Radio biotic community radio station are union owned and operated entities that litigate either topical anestheticized geographic communities or communities of interest, such as minorities, religious groups and universities. Community radio is bizarre because the displace are run by the communities themselves. They are owned and make dod by the people they serve. The management is usually a small team of paid staff with the programing onducted by vo lunteers. Unlike commercial post, community stations are not allowed to run for pay. They must be established as voluntary associations, not-for-profits or trusts. The stations constitution must say that any profit will be channeled into further contracting the station. To ensure the stations are not run for profit they are usually subject to strict advertising hold ins. Commonly the regulator stipulates that advertising satisfy ought to be capped to allow, for example, a maximum of five minutes per hour of programming. New stations ofttimes start with a common meeting.Members of a community (either geographic or community of interest) come unitedly as a working group to gain a vision for the station, plan programming and develop facilities. Over time, more and more members of the community are recruited and trained (FETAC cooking is available through) to help out behind the scenes, produce and present programmes reflective of their community and experience. 100 day broadc asting licenses are secured from the BAI and as a track record is built with regards to programming, operations, and community involvement, a multi-year licence becomes available.To operate full licenses, groups build themselves as cooperatives or limited companies with no appoint capital, and a board is elected from the community to manage the station transparently and with accountability in the interests of all. Community Radio has the capa city to reinforce what is good near Irish Society and to help find solutions to its failings. Community Radio facilities individualists, groups, and communities to tell their own diverse stories, to share experiences, and in a media rich world to become active creators and contributors rather than passive consumers.It presents a erratic vehicle for the community and voluntary sector, civil society, agencies, NGOs & citizens to work in partnership to make a difference. Community Radio offers- * rare and direct media access for all perspecti ves in our communities, * the potential for innovation inherent in non-profit, community owned and operated media * Diversity in the provision of programming, especially where there would be insufficient profit for the commercial sector and too much cost for the man avail sector. Offers a resurgence of local anesthetic media highlighting local issues, opinions and voices in contrast to mainstream medias increasingly centralised content production. * The skills, resources and the opportunity to understand media by members of our communities through actively participating in its creation and de go awayry. * a unique mechanism to engage with fond exclusion by acting as a vehicle for outcome-driven personal and professional training and ontogeny * a powerful tool in providing runs and certifications to communities, especially disadvantaged and excluded communities. the opportunity to promote democracy, military personnel honests and sustainability. * a challenge to global media b landness in reinforcing local identities while acting as a catalyst for integration and inclusion. - Public Broadcasting Public broadcasting is broadcasting made for the public, funded by the public (through tax) and controlled by the public (through parliament). The defining feature of public broadcasting is its inclusiveness. Public broadcasting must be accessible to all and diverse enough to appeal to all.Unlike state broadcasting, which serves the interests of the state, public broadcasting is uniquely positi angiotensin converting enzymed to serve the public in all its diverse forms. Further, public service broadcasters (PSBs) are protected from political and commercial pressures, which positions them to best serve the publics rights to freedom of expression and freedom of information. This is why public broadcasting has such a crucial role to play in democratic societies. Defining features of public service broadcasting * Accessible to all * Serving the public interest in all its make ups Emphasis on quality, balance and impartiality * Provisions for minorities * Commitment to training of the public * Freedom to produce challenging and disputed programming * Independent from political and commercial interference * Forum for expression of national cultural indistinguishability Independence of a public broadcaster is vital independence for the board and editorial independence for management. Securing independence means everyplacecoming the prevailing mindset among those in power that the airwaves be dour to the state.MISA believes the independence of a public service broadcaster in Swaziland will only be ensured if it is guaranteed in law. MISA is advocating for such a law to complicate the following * A description of the composition of the PSB board to ensure it is broadly representative of the public and excludes office bearers with the state and people with financial interests in broadcasting * A public and transparent board appointments performa nce that minimizes political and commercial interference * A stipulation that no iodine has a right to ascertain the work of the board * Editorial freedom for the PSB management Accountability of the PSB is to the public through parliament, not an individual minister or ministry * An adequate and secure funding mechanism that protects from arbitrary interference. For more detail on public service broadcasting law see the Article 19 Model Public renovation Broadcasting Law under Law Reform. MISA calls on the government to * Enact legislation establishing a public broadcasting entity, recognizing its full independence and public service mandate. * Conduct organizational restructure allowing the merger of television ashes and radio with one independent board to develop the organizational policy. Allow editorial policies that capture the unique responsibilities of public broadcasting. * Ensure training of management and staff on the ethos and purpose of public broadcasting. * Secur e a reliable funding mechanisms that will support program diversity and innovation. - Campus Radio Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other trainingal institution.Programming may be exclusively by students, or may complicate programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide an alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters. Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and so have very opposite characteristics from one country to the next.One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness or, in some countries, even a li censing requirement to broadcast musical selections that are not categorised as commercial hits. Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such as sordid and New Wave, alternative rock, indie rock and hip hop, long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also ofttimes provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists.Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music. Often the radio format is best described as a freeform, with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts. A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet.Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air, many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting, closed circuit or carrier current systems, often to on-campus listeners only. Some radio stations are distributed through the tune television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station. Some universities and colleges broadcast one or more net radio feeds either instead of, or in adjunct to a campus radio station which may differ in radio formats significantly from licensed conventional campus radio. net Radio meshwork Radio Internet Radio describes a technical achievement which allows audio to be digitized and split into small pieces for transmission across the Interent. The ultimate effect is to create the illusion of radio. The audio is streamed through the Internet from a server in one location and reassembled on the listeners end by a software player on a computer or Internet Radio receiver. Internet Radio is not really radio by the traditional def inition but an dumbfounding simulation.This term also describes the conglomeration of streaming audio which is available on the Internet which can be listened to by using a software player or browser which supports streaming audio. In other way, an audio broadcasting service that is transmitted through the Internet. Internet radio is similar in spirit to Internet broadcasting, also called webcasting. However, those listening to the continuous stream audio broadcast have no control over the stream, similar to traditional radio broadcasting.Many radio stations worldwide offer their broadcast via Internet radio to a worldwide audience. Today dedicated hardware devices, commonly called Web radio or Internet radio appliances, can be purchased that connect to a home network and then to the Internet to play live audio streams. Internet radio is also called e-radio. The benefits of an network radio_ More station prime(a) An internet radio gives you access to more than FM or DAB digital radio, including some impertinent language stations. Find new stationsThe menus on an internet radio enable you search by different methods including by genre. So you could search for all of the rock stations available and find new stations that play the types of music you love. Podcasts and BBC listen again You can access podcasts from BBC and commercial stations and just as you might use listen again on BBC iPlayer or Radio player on your computer, you can access listen again to shows through an internet radio, too. Music player/ media sharing Most internet radios have a music player mode for streaming music from devices on your home network.If you asseverate your music collection on your computer at home you can use the radios screen to choose music from your collection and listen using the radios speakers. Forget DAB reception Internet radio works using your internet connection. It doesnt rely on getting a signal from a transmitter the way DAB and FM do, so it doesnt matter i f DAB reception is poor where you live you can get your digital radio fix via the internet. reproduction System in Bangladesh The education system and structure of Bangladeshhas three major stages-primary, lowly and high educations.Primary education is a 5-year cycle while secondary education is a 7- year one with three sub-stages 3 years of junior secondary, 2 years of secondary and 2 years of high secondary. The private develops also receive strong financial support from the state. The tertiary education (3-5 years) is provided through universities (31 public and 51 private universities) and affiliated colleges under supervision of University Grants Commission. establishment of private universities has gained momentum in recent years. At all levels, students can choose the medium of education from Bangla or English.The Ministry of reproduction is the supreme state office for education which again is subdivided in different directorates for each level while running numerous development projects (Education Projects and Technical projects). According to the article 17 of the Constitution, all the children of Bangladesh are supposed to receive full free education up to secondary level. Secondary and higher secondary schools are affiliated underten (10) education boards. The boards administer two public examinations one is the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination and the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination.The higher secondary schools are known as colleges. There are also Madrasah (religiously inclined) and English medium schools which are enrolled under Madrasah Education Board and Foreign Education Board respectively. Besides this, a Technical Education Board has been established to administer the vocational training schools at post-secondary level in Education Board. The field Curriculum and Textbook Board is the authority to develop, approve and manage the curriculum and text books for primary, junior, secondary and higher secon dary level.Government has also established Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS) which keeps educational information at all levels. Bangladesh Government has published an Education Policy which is developed based on the inputs taken from different education commissions over the years. There are also many non-profit organizations which operate informal and semi-formal education for disadvantaged children under supervision of Bureau of Non-formal Education. Linking Radio with EducationDue to potential diversity, the CR technology can or so impressively be used for non formal education for adult people, awareness programs, youth development programs, local community knowledge sharing, recycling of knowledge, ethnic community preservation programs and in areas, where density of population is sparse, where access to school is difficult like char (land within a river) and hilly areas of the country and also isolated places because of less access to roa d or other communication, and where access of qualified teachers are very few. Sweeney and Parlato (1982, p. 3) stated, Radio plays an effective educational role both as the sole medium or in conjunction with release and group support. So, Community Radio has a prospect for education expansion and community schools. Community Radio can also help, develop and mobilize social capital. This technology is cheaper too. For example, Interactive Radio management (IRI) is a well-tested teaching and dissemination method that is inexpensive, accessible and flexible. In Africa, Community Radio has speeded up and expended the form of information exchange. The second goal of MDGs is to achieve universal primary education.Education is the backbone and foundation for a nation. This is one of the fundamental goals as Nobel Lauriats Amarta Sen argues, Development is freedom and education is the royal road of freedom (Daniel, 2006). As most ontogenesis countries underscore its educational potentia l and importance, many writers have proposed that educational radio can be most effective when supported by trained facilitators, group acquire, group discussion, feedback and the use of multimedia approaches, olibanum interactive and independent learning help develop social software which is considered essential for quality education.The driving potential of radio in motivating listeners to take action, modifying behavior, and undertaking activities is evident in the literature therefore far. - Distance Learning Learning is the liberating force of human development and every individual has a right to education. To serve the aforesaid considerations, ODL helps create democratization in education for flexible learning system. In ODL, student centered teaching approach is used. Tutors and learners are hysically separated in the system, and distance education institutes usually use technology like state-owned Radio and Television for a particular time to disseminate contents of lea rning to the learners, which might not be effective and accessible to all distance learners due to inflexible time allocation. Since CR is covering a limited geographical area and focusing on the local needs, glossiness and social events, educational and academic programs can be incorporated into the CR programs at any time of any location as it is more flexible than national broadcasting.In addition, distance education institutes have long experiences in using the technology of Radio and TV. They can apply their experience for CR on member base as well as programs base. Most distance learning organizations generally have several outlets for tutorial or other instructional services in unlike and remote areas. Having their own infrastructures, these distant teaching outlets could be turned into Community Radio Learning Centers (CRLC) for the open and distance learning institutes and these stations can be worked as local facilitators for the academic programs of both formal and non -formal education.Anyanwk (1978 p. 15-16) mentions, Through collective listening, discussion, and the use of audio-visual aids, the radio can contribute substantially to the process of transformation of agricultural traditions, as well as some social and economic attitudes in general. Radio has been used extensively as an educational medium in developing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, South Korea, Mali, Guatemala, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Uganda, Mexico, Philippines and also proved its impact and readiness in health, agriculture and other development issues. Open University Radio-based educational opportunities are very much commensurate with the delivery system of ODL. After 15 years of the establishment of the Bangladesh Open University (BOU), it has accumulated huge resources in terms of technology and media oriented human resource and infrastructures to put forward a new look to the Community Radio applications.Bangladesh Open University needs to adopt the segment base strategies to provide education for all. The case of Bangladesh is similar as to Louws (Paris, France 2007) statement, . to ensure that communities who have been denied access to resources, take part in producing ethical, originative and responsible radio that encourages them to communicate with each other, to take part in decisions that affect their lives, and to celebrate their own cultures.The reason for establishing Bangladesh Open University nearly echoes Louws statement as in the Mission statement, of the BOU Act 1992 envisages that the objectives of the University shall be to rotate all levels of education, knowledge and science by a diversity of means, including the use of any communication technology to improve the quality of education and to provide opportunities for education to the general public through mass-orientation of education and to create efficient manpower by improving the quality of education in general.To accomplish these goals of BOU mission s tatement, it is no denying the fact that BOU needs immediate steps for adopting the Community Radio approach. In terms of preparation, BOU has Media sum total fully equipped with the transmission equipment, full-fledged radio recording studios, editing suites, portable radio recorders and new-made radio broadcasting technology. However, BOU has already sought the permission from the Government for having its own frequency allocation. Adult Education About adult education Dhaka University VC Prof Arefin was highlighting on the role of mass media in the socio-economic and the educational development of a developing country. His message was that both the print and broadcast media can play a vital role in enhancing education in a developing country. It can shape and create public opinion towards on related issues by applying its strength and bring changes among individual.Bangladesh is now in a state of Media Expansion, we have lot of TV and radio channels and every day new channels are coming. Broadcasting media is the most common & popular media in our country. In the cases of developing countries, like Bangladesh, implementation of education fully depends on appropriate use of broadcasting media technology. And the government as well as private organizations are using Radio and television for meeting these demands.A significant prove has already been achieved in the field of mass education of Bangladesh by using broadcasting media. All the TV and Radio channels present various educational programs for the students. These programs become very popular in the country. Bangladesh is now in a state of media expansion. A large number of people here depend on newspapers and broadcast media for entertainment. But media also has an important educational role Adult students from rural even from city areas can take lesson from watching certain television programs Like BBC Janala

Taxation in the United Kingdom

Criteria of differentiate employment and self-employment Laid down some factors and tests by the courts, over the courses, which are relevant may be useful to determine the nature of a contract. sort out of Control The engaged has a right to control the employee but it is non necessarily essential be used in practice. This kind of control usually used by engaged to control when and/or were the employee perform his/her services, how it is perform, and what tasks has to be performed but in some kind of rub down (where employee is an expert) this control will non be important.Under the self- employment the soul who perform the work is usually free to choose when and where to do so. financial Risk The main distinction in financial risk between employee and self-employment person is that the second unmatched is ready to risk own money by buying a materials needed to perform the work, and excessively paying for overheads and bearing the running costs. The employed person not bea r any expenses re posthumousd to the submit of economic activity. If any of additional cost in case of job overruns will be indispensable the self-employed person must bear them on win risk.Equipment In this situation self-employed person office have to buy assets and equipment to perform bursticular job which has to be done. The employee is getting everything under the contract. put to work performance and correction Also the engaged will be expected from the employee certain hours of work performed quotidian or weekly, and at the engaged premises, but it is possible to make an agreement between them to work malleable hour at the places accepted by both sides.If any correction will be necessary for the work done, self-employed person has to make that correction with no additional payment ND in own time, but employed person is still able to make that correction within the work time. Holi long time and infirmity The employee has a right to go for a holi mean solar day or tak e a sickness with no threat that that time wont be paid (paid leave), the same situation for self-employed means that these days will be unpaid. Exclusivity That means the employee is hired by one only employer, and he/she is an underlying part of the business.In self employment the person has usually more than one client and the person is not integral part of client business. 3. Concussions According to above tests and factors, which were applied to the case study, inclusions arises that Kathy should be treated by fireside as an employee rather than self employed. UK income TAX In I. J value strategy we domiciliate go under certain kind revenuees into groups direct taxes and indirect taxes. A. Direct taxes are charged on income, profits and we can to enumerate most important income tax, capital gains tax, inheritance and corporation tax. B. Indirect taxes, e. G.VAT are charged Of consumption and it is added to the price of the product or service bought. 1 Taxable person Ind ividuals who are resident in the UK for a tax year are generally charged to income tax on all their income for the year. in that respect are two exceptions to this general rule A. Some forms of income are exempt from income tax B. UK residents whose home is not permanently in the UK to the extent that the income is remitted to the ASK. 4. Tax year Tax year for individuals also might be referred to as fiscal years or years of assessments and it runs from 6 April to the sideline 5 April.Any changes to the tax system are usually take a n effect from the start of next tax year. They are proposed in the annual Budget speech. 5. Self assessment Self assessment effects those who get displace a tax counterpunch or request a tax turn and particular it applies to the following groups of people self employed, business partners, company directors, employee or pensioner with complied tax affairs, trustees. Individuals liability for a tax year must be assessed if there is not possible to coll ect full liability for a tax year deducted at source or PAYEE system.In this situation that person at offset printing must complete self assessment tax return. Taxpayer has to complete tax return and the bill of tax repayable and may be calculated by him/her and then check by HOME, or this calculation might be made by HOME if taxpayer prefer to do so. Self assessment tax return has a 6 pages basic document and might be added supplementary pages if needed for purposes of tax payer. on that point is a available shorter tax return documents which have got 4 pages and it contains simpler tax affairs.There is also a curtain raising to file tax return electronically by the HOME website. Tax return filling and gain dates are as follows A. For paper returns 31 October following the end of the tax year B. For electronically returns 31 January following the end of the tax year It has to complete in full and taxpayer cannot omit any figures. 6. recompense dates First payment on accou nts (POP) must be made by 31 January of the tax year. atomic number 16 payment On accounts has to be made by 31 July next following tax year and final balancing payment or refund is made by 31 January.This is also first payment on accounts of the following tax year. 7. Procedures involved in application of surcharges, interests and penalties PENALTIES TAX RETURN A. Penalties for late submission of tax return depends from length of being late and they are as follows 1 day late El 00 and applies even when the tax own has been pair or there is no tax to pay 3 months late or each of the following day is E 10, up to 90 days Max IEEE 6 months late whichever will be higher IEEE or 5% of the total due 12 months late whichever will be higher DEED or 5% of the amount due.When it is serious case the tax payer might rise up to 100% of amount due instead If any of documents submitted to HOME by a taxpayer leads to understatement of the amount tax due and it is because of careless or deliberat e then single penalty applies. This is expressed as a percentage of potential baffled revenue as follows A. 100% if inaccuracy is concealed and deliberate B. 70% in case that inaccuracy was deliberate but not concealed C. In all other cases the percentage is 30%, also 30% if person unresistant to notify HOME Of under-assessment has failed to do so.

First Grade by Ron Koertge: Poem Analysis Essay

The shorter a poem is, the more striking it is. Ron Koertges First set up proved this through a magic of splendid simplicity, most especially in the last disputation of the poem- For the rest of our lives. Sincerely, I was struck by the swift and upstandingsome change or transition in scene from the commencement ceremony stanza to the next. However, what threw me off my seat was the last line because of the eternity Koertge had implied in that stanza.Just because of that line, the whole comparison between the first stanza, which illustrated our innocent and healthily imaginative childhood, and the second, which illustrated a stricter and guided society, had changed. It caused that first stanza to pay heed short-lived and the second one to be incessant, everlasting, and without end. This poems message, implied greatly by the last line, tells us that we must enjoy our childhood and never take any opportunity or moment with our love ones for granted. It also tells us that although we have our chance to have an occasional splurge, order, law, and justice will be habitual at all times. This holds true to all people- especially those in First Grade.I think the briny theme is the flawed school system. I dont mean the school system in a particular area or country. Hes talking about school in general and how it kills the individuals creativity and intellectual independence. He mentions how his imagination was wild and free out front first grade Until then, every forest had wolves in it and we could talk to water. But when he enters first grade, hes faced with drab reality his teacher is a woman with the gray glimmering hes saying that the state of mind the school creates in you is something that youre stuck with for the rest of your life.

Proffessional Ethics

skipper ethics has become more substantial over the years. As we become more particular(prenominal)ized in our occupation, the trends become that much more conglomerate and hard. Professional people and those working in accognitiond professions exercise specialist shoot it awayledge and skill. How the drill of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the universal can be considered a righteous issue and is termed nonrecreational ethics. They moldiness complete their teleph ace circuit according to the moral value.Professionals are capable of making judgments, applying their skills and reaching conscious decisions in situations that the general public cannot, because they get by not filld the relevant training. One of the earliest examples of captain ethics is probably the Hippocratic oath to which medical still adhere to this day. Professional ethics is a set of standards adopted by a skipper community. Professional ethics are regulated by sta ndards, which are often referred to as commands of ethics. The compute of ethics is very important because it gives us boundaries that we suck to period within in our professional careers.The one paradox with the code of ethics is that we cant always possess the answers. Professional bodies have increasingly been at work developing, revising and refining professional codes of ethics. Professionals themselves ask for more sm both codes so as to have greater counselor. There is no longer a deference to the agency of experts on the vocalism of the public or of the leaf node group. Professional ethics helps a professional direct what to do when faced with a problem at work that raises a moral issue.One can surely study what professionals do when faced with such problems, and confine the enquiry to the description. Our concern here, however, is to assist with making choices an get down called prescriptive professional ethics. Obviously one can be un soundly without behavi ng illegally. It is a normal systematization of unethical behaviour to say well, it wasnt illegal, so who cares? . It is perhaps the major point of professional ethics, though, to tidy sum with scenarios that do not involve illegality. Professional ethics covers far more issues than the law does. legion(predicate) of the issues are imbedded in messy and complex factual situations, so ethical issues tend to be harder to identify than legal issues. We should have more sympathy when someone says they were confused or ignorant or thoughtless about a moral issue, as opposed to a legal problem. How does one recognize a moral problem within professional ethics? Is the issue one of right or wrong action? Is the issue one of good or bad motives, methods or goals? Is there a value at imperil? Is the terminology not descriptive, but prescriptive, involving rule books like should, ought to?We do a much better job of identifying issues in professional ethics if we are sensitive to the princ iples and set set out in our professional codes of ethics (that is one of their benefits an educational function). It helps to have lists of issues available to contemplate. It is a curse of the twentieth century to let the cat out of the bag of ethics as being subjective or relative its all a topic of personal opinion. Moral relativism is ultimately futile and nihilistic. There can be no hearty debate, guidance, judgement or resolution.Those claiming relativism are commonly in a position of self-rationalization. Moral absolutism is not a tenable position either, as it leads to inflexibility and a harshness that creates its own injustices. Most major corporations, and many smaller companies, now have codifications of moral philosophy, along with a range of other, issue-specific ethics documents. Such a document embodies the ethical commitments of your organization it tells the world who you are, what you stand for, and what to expect when conducting business with you. Theref ore, there are 2 important processes in forming this law ) Objective There has been a dramatic increase in the ethical expectations of businesses and professions over the past ten years. Increasingly, customers, clients and employees are deliberately seeking out those who define the basic lay down rules of their operations on a day to day Why have a Code of Ethics? To define accepted/acceptable behaviours To promote high standards of practice To provide a benchmark for members to use for self evaluation To establish a framework for professional behaviour and responsibilities As a vehicle for occupational identity As a mark of occupational maturity Different kinds of documents serve opposite purposes. Is your new document intended toguidepeople or to set out requirements? Is it really a Code of Ethics that you need? You susceptibility consider creating a Statement of Values, a Policy, a committal Statement or a Code of Conduct. Ideally, a code of ethics should be tailored t o the of necessity and values of your organization. Ask yourself, what micturates your Code specific to your organization? Is there anything that differentiates it from similar documents devised other firms in your field, or in other fields?If not, what makes it your Code, other than the fact that your logo is at the top? Your Code should make clear who within your organization get out be governed by it. Does it cover everyone from the mailroom through to the boardroom? hardly senior managers? Who has to sign off on it? Keep in mind that lower-level employees may not collide with very seriously a document that senior managers either arent bound by, or take lightly Many ethics codes have two components. First, anaspirationalsection, often in the preamble, that outlines what the organization aspires to, or the ideals it hopes to raging up to.Second, an ethics code testament typically list somerules or principles, which members of the organization provide be expected to adhere t o. In order to ensure the objective of the law will be reached, it is important to get the people who will be guided by the code be actively involved in writing it. If your organization is too large to get everyone involved, consider selecting representatives from various departments or various business units. The document is bound to be more meaningful, and find higher levels of acceptance, if employees are part of the process.Its a good idea to consult advert stakeholders including, for example, customers, suppliers, and local community groups as to what they find should be in your Code. This will help reveal what important external constituencies see as your key obligations, and will help make sure that the Code you write deals with the full range of issues that might stay your organization. 2) Planning After you have reached the objective of the code, you must make proper planning so that the code can be formed and implemented on the time stipulated by your organizations ma nagement. How will the Code be implemented?Once its written, will it gather dust, or will it ferment policy and practice? What procedures are in place to make sure that writing a Code is more than just organizational navel-gazing? An effective implementation scheme (perhaps as an appendix to the Code) will rationalize to all concerned how the values embodied in your Code will be put into practice. You must also plan for education. It is a key aspect of implementation has to be employee training and education. How will employees be educated about the Code? A Code can only be effective if your employees know about it.Will new employees receive training regarding the Codes requirements? Will current employees receive refresher course courses? Especially for large organizations, the steps required to train employees on the requirements of a Code deserve special attention. Other than that, you must also be clear about enforcement. How, if at all, will the Code be enforced? Are there sp ecific penalties for violating the Code, or is the Code merely there to provide guidance? Who will decide when an employee has violated the Code will that be up to the employees immediate supervisor, or will that be the exclusive domain of senior managers?Last but not least, you must specify a sunset date. When will the code be reviewed and updated? Times change, and new issues come to light, so consider specifying a date for revising and refreshing your Code. What is the role of a professional code of ethics? It helps clarify values and rules, it strengthens group identity and collegiality, it fosters public confidence, and it can be used as a framework for discipline. The auditory sense is the public, employers, clients, and fellow professionals. A code of ethics can be inspirational, educational, a tool for decision-making and a beginning point.One can also criticize over reliance on a code of ethics. It can introduce complacency (were ethical because we have a code of ethics ). If it isnt used or enforced, the suspicion may be its there simply to polish the groups public image or to bolster a professional monopoly. It must be said that a code of ethics doesnt create ethics and it is not really possible to completely codify ethics. related education is necessary to bring a code of ethics alive. Most professional ethics cases have to do with conflicts. A moral dilemma is a conflict.We may have a clash in the midst of risk to tender life and property interests, or a clash between risk to benignant life and risk to the environment. However, a common type of conflict is a conflict of interest. This usually refers to a conflict between ones professional duties and ones personal interests. As mentioned above, these case may not be true moral dilemmas, although they may be painful to resolve. A bad faith decision by a professional can involve the use of ones position or powers to obtain a personal benefit the powers or position have been used for a purpose other than for which they were granted.Sometimes there is an overlap with the law. It is a criminal offence to receive a secret commission. The protection of property is often denigrated as a value. It compares poorly with human life. We have already seen in the Burgess and Mullen study that economic pressure was the most common reason for ethical misbehaviour. It is an issue that the professional must guard against in his her own decision making, as well as an issue to watch for in others. Others will not go along because of the damage (a property interest). When risk to life is high, there is little doubt which way we should go.Where there is resistance, the professional has a duty to be honest and forceful and not to go along. Someone else may have the authority to make the decision and they then assume the liability, ethically and legally. Where the person in authority is monstrous and dishonest, the situation may cry out for whistleblowing on the part of the professional. Th is should first take the form of subjective whistleblowing as in an obvious case, some other senior person will see the light. On occasion, the external authorities must be called. A professional has less job security than a non-professional, and it is self imposed.The right thing to do is to withdraw services, but such cases should be very rare. Many codes of ethics refer to relations with colleagues. It is useful to distinguish between duties to the profession as an institution and duties to professional colleagues. They are not the same. What does it mean to say that the professional will not bring the profession into disrepute? If the efforts of colleagues will be undermined by a general loss of reputation and credibility resulting from personal misdemean of an individual, the wrong-doer may be doing far more harm indirectly than directly.The issue is not, as some might believe, a loss of income, prestige or position of colleagues, it is a reduction in the protection to the cl ient group or public that is the harm done. Professionals must be vigilant that they are not defend their self-interest when the profession is attacked or its reputation impugned, but are protecting the interests of others. As for relations with colleagues on an individual basis, a professional is required to be cooperative, respectful, supportive, helpful, open-minded as well as open, and without spirant or crude competition. Competition is good, but it must be meritocratic and honest.And it is of the essence of professionalism that discipline is maintained. It is an internal element of professionalism, and it is often referred to directly in codes of ethics, that one must engage in professional victimisation throughout ones career. The idea of continuous improvement in professional knowledge and skills is very implicit in the standard of the reasonable peer. There is a duty to take courses, read the literature, figure conferences, and so on. Many professional groups encourag e (if not enforce) this through mandatory maintenance points you can bear your designation if you cannot show upgrading over time.Many codes refer to one as a value maintain the highest standards of justness. It seems vague at first. uprightness means a consistency in commitment to moral commitments. Integrityis a concept ofconsistencyof actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. In ethics, virtue is regarded as the honesty andtruthfulnessor verityof ones actions. Integrity can be regarded as the opposite of hypocrisy,in that integrity regards internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs.The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger(whole, complete). In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness derivation from qualities such ashonestyand consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integri ty to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. Avalue systemsabstraction depthand range of relevant interaction may also function as significant factors in identifying integrity due to their congruousness or lack of congruence with observation.A value system may evolve over time slice retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies. Commitment to commitments means ones moral character must be consistent, whole and integrated. You dont have integrity if you are perpetrate to conflicting standards or values. Your behaviour would become erratic and inconsistent. Integrity is related to other values, such as honesty. To be true to a system of values, one must be honest. A person with integrity will admit errors, refrain from false pretences and advise clients truthfully.Integrity is related to promise keeping one must follow through on promises. A professional should be careful about what is promised. If you cant deliver on your promises, your integrity is said to be jeopardized. Integrity is also related to verity loyalty to ones profession, the goals of the profession, loyalty to the employers goals. Loyalty should not be blind, however, and so other values may be in conflict with loyalty if the employers goals are not in themselves good in the circumstances. Do remember that a code of ethics will not solve all ethical problems.But we must remember that good laws, if they are not obeyed, do not constitute good government. Hence there are two parts of good government one is the actual devotion of citizens to the laws, the other part is the goodness of the laws which they obey. (2567 words) REFERENCES 1) C. A. Brincat and V. S. Wike, Morality and the Professional Life Values at Work. Prentice abode Inc. , (2000). 2) Pamela S. Lewis, Stephen H. Goodman, Patricia M. Fandt, Management Challenges for Tomorrows Leaders, 4th Edition, Thomson, South Western. (2004) 3) Chris MacDonald, Ph. D. Gene Marks, ed. , Streetwise Small Business playscript of Lists, Adams Media 2006.