Quantitative research critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative research critique - Assignment Example Yes. The beliefs which support restraint from mammography diagnosis are the problem in the study; the variables are the primary care provider status and insurance cover status. The population under the study is women seeking non-urgent interventions in emergency units. Yes. The investigators identified the key research question as investigating the differences in the belief systems which hinder maximum use of mammography for screening for invasive breast cancer. The variables concern the party that will shoulder the costs associated with the screening and or the treatment plan. Yes. The researchers discussed the significance of the problem by noting that adopting mammography screening is the surest way to curb most deaths facing the one-eighth of American who fail to go for the screening early enough. Yes. By quashing unnecessary beliefs and doubts about the effectiveness of mammography screening option among women, the study definitely encourages more women to join the program so as to obtain timely medical interventions against breast cancer. Yes. The literature review follows a logical sequence by revising earlier studies putting the number of women affected by invasive breast cancer as one in every eight people. They also reviews critical literature showing that mammography is effective in early diagnosis of the cancer, but up to 40% of the vulnerable women seeking emergency interventions do not comply with mammography screening. As such, they suffer disproportional rates of mortality from the disease. Yes. The relationship of the study to the previous research is based on clear statistics and facts showing that the underuse of mammography is the greatest risk factor to invasive breast cancer deaths. Yes. The investigators described the varied understandings of the beliefs about mammography screening as the gap in the literature

Curriculum Implementation and Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Implementation and Evaluation Essay The 8th grade English curriculum is one of the student’s preparatory curriculum scheme that is entitled to provide efficiency in the learning process of English. It is a core process and procedure that is aimed any ensuring the student is able to achieve the most implicit English learning techniques. Though complex however, the curriculum system can be described in a brief manner that provides the most important factors in its implementation. At one level, it requires that the students demonstrate a clear understanding on what builds the English grammatical facets that is captured by both written and spoken English. This implies that, the student should demonstrate a concise command into English grammar in terms of punctuations marks, sentence structure and sentence use. Elsewhere, it incorporates the essence of student-teacher relationship both in class and assignments. This is synonymous to adequate communication and response between them in modeling an attractive English learning environment. Here, the student is required of his/her participation in class response and other subject modeling areas. ( http://www. rusd. k12. ca. us/4teachers/langarts/corenovels8. html) The system recognizes the importance of other forms and sources of learning English such as the media and texts. Here, he/she is required to gather the most appropriate information that may help him in the learning process which is not within the classroom environment. Comprehensions and passages are important. This is developed through engaging them in reading various comprehension texts and passages that help them to develop a more valuable support towards comprehending. (http://www. gisd. k12. nm. us/standards/eighth/8thLA_gisd. html) In the process of learning English, induced acquisition of new vocabulary is highly important. This is got from student’s ability to write different word meanings and pronunciation of words as well as their correct placement into English sentences. The process of adequacy in reading is required. A student should demonstrate ability in loud reading that is clear in terms of pronunciation and sentence clarity. Reading ability can be acquired through his/her role of reading the most appropriate materials equivalent of 25 books in Georgia English curriculum. Development of exemplary English knowledge should be accompanied by a student’s ability of acknowledging different English authors and their publications. The scope of student reading should be broad that help to provide him with acquiring new vocabulary and information from different study areas. Having read widely, he/she should produce concrete, well-formatted and grammatical writing. This should be coupled with competence in various English genres. Writing ability can be supported by comprehensive research into books, media, archives and the internet. (http://www. ncpublicschools. org/curriculum/languagearts/scos/2004/25grade8) Reference 8th Grade Language Arts Curriculum Links. Retrieved on 20th May 2008 from http://www. rusd. k12. ca. us/4teachers/langarts/corenovels8. html 8th Grade Language Arts Curriculum. Retrieved on 20th May 2008 from http://www. gisd. k12. nm. us/standards/eighth/8thLA_gisd. html Eighth Grade. Retrieved on 20th May 2008 from http://www. ncpublicschools. org/curriculum/languagearts/scos/2004/25grade8

Study of Recurrent UTI among Mothers in the Philippines

Study of Recurrent UTI among Mothers in the Philippines INTRODUCTION Background of Study Millions suffer, only a few understand. In Barangay Ula, Recurrent UTI is one of the leading causes of morbidity among 40 households with a prevalence of 82.5% in which a bulk of 57% comprises of mothers. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevailing infectious diseases with a substantial financial burden on society. An estimated 13,000 deaths annually are attributed to UTIs. The magnitude of the problem worldwide is becoming very apparent.Globally, there are an estimated 150 million urinary tract infections per annum. Nearly 20% of women who have UTI will have another, and 30% of those will have yet another, but of the last group, 80% will have recurrences. In the Philippines, UTI continues to be among the top five reasons for consultations in health facilities nationwide. It is one of the ten leading causes of morbidity in all ages with a rate of 127.84 per 100,000 population. Recurrence of UTI among these mothers is greatly affected by behaviors. In this regard, the study would like to focus on the UTI-related behaviors of mothers, in Barangay Ula, diagnosed with recurrent urinary tract infection. Review of Related Literature According to Al-badr and colleague (2013), urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common clinical bacterial infections in women, accounting for almost 25% of all infections. Around 50–60% of women will develop UTIs in their lifetimes wherein Escherichia coliis the most common organism in all patient groups, but Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus,and other organisms are more common in patients with certain risk factors for complicated urinary tract infections (Kodner and Gupton, 2010). Hooton and Gupta (2013) defined recurrent urinary tract infection as ≠¥2 infections in six months or ≠¥3 infections in one year. Most recurrences are thought to represent reinfection rather than relapse, although occasionally a persistent focus can produce relapsing infection. Recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infection is a common presentation to urologists and family doctors. A survey data suggest that 1 in 3 women will have had a diagnosed and treated UTI by age 24 and more than half will be affected in their lifetime. In a 6-month study of college-aged women, 27% of these UTIs were found to recur once and 3% a second time (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202002/). Many women suffer from frequent UTIs. About 20 percent of young women with a first UTI will have a recurrent infection. With each UTI, the risk that a woman will continue having recurrent UTIs increases.Some women have three or more UTIs a year. However, very few women will have frequent infections throughout their lives. More typically, a woman will have a period of 1 or 2 years with frequent infections, after which recurring infections cease (http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/utiadult/). In a study of college women with their first UTI, 27 percent experienced at least one culture-confirmed recurrence within the six months following the initial infection and 2.7 percent had a second recurrence during this same time period. When the first infection is caused by Escherichia coli, women appear to be more likely to develop a second UTI within six months than those with a first UTI due to another organism. In a Finnish study of women ages 17 to 82 who had E. coli cystitis, 44 percent had a recurrence within one year(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202002/). A number of factors also appear to increase the risk of recurrent UTIs such as biological or genetic factors, behavioural risk factors and even the pelvic anatomy (http://www.uptodate.com/contents/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection-in-women). In symptomatic women, predictors of recurrent UTIs include symptoms following intercourse, signs or symptoms of pyelonephritis, and prompt resolution of symptoms with antibiotics. Nocturia and persistence of symptoms between UTI episodes are strong negative predictors for recurrent infection (http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0915/p638.html). According to Hooton and Gupta (2014), sexual intercourse, diaphragm-spermicide use, and a history of recurrent UTI are strong and independent risk factors for UTI. Even spermicide-coated condom use results in an increased risk of UTI. However, risk factors specific for recurrent UTI have received relatively less attention. In one large case-control study of women with and without a history of recurrent UTI, the frequency of sexual intercourse was the strongest risk factor for recurrent UTI in a multivariate analysis. Other risk factors identified were: 1) Spermicide use during the past year; 2) Having a new sex partner during the past year; 3) Having a first UTI at or before 15 years of age; and 4) Having a mother with a history of UTIs. Sexual activity can move microbes from the bowel or vaginal cavity to the urethral opening. If these microbes have special characteristics that allow them to live in the urinary tract, it is harder for the body to remove them quickly enough to prevent infection. Following sexual intercourse, most women have a significant number of bacteria in their urine, but the body normally clears them within 24 hours. However, some forms of birth control increase the risk of UTI. In some women, certain spermicides may irritate the skin, increasing the risk of bacteria invading surrounding tissues. Using a diaphragm may slow urinary flow and allow bacteria to multiply. Condom use is also associated with increased risk of UTIs, possibly because of the increased trauma that occurs to the vagina during sexual activity. Using spermicides with diaphragms and condoms can increase risk even further (http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/utiadult/). According to Wilkinson and Treas (2010), perinneal care is part of routine hygiene care. When washing the perineum, it must be from front to back to prevent contaminating the urethra with any fecal material left in the anus. Fecal particles left on skin can cause skin breakdown due to enzyme activity, and may increase the risk of a urinary tract infection because of the presence of E. coli in the feces. During menstruation, it is important to change sanitary pads, tampons or menstrual cups regularly. The standard time for a sanitary pad is once every six hours, while for a tampon is once every two hours. Sanitary napkins are made of cotton wool and gel. When an individual bleed into one, most of the blood gets soaked in, but at a certain point the pad gets saturated and may leak. Another consideration is that menstrual blood – once it has left the body – gets contaminated with the body’s innate organisms. When these organisms remain in a warm and moist place for a long time they tend to multiply and can lead to conditions like urinary tract infection, vaginal infections and skin rashes. Therefore changing is essential (http://health.india.com/diseases-conditions/hygiene-during-menstrual-periods-10-things-you-should-know/). General Objective At the end of the study, we will be able to describe the UTI- related behavior of mothers in Barangay Ula, Tugbok, Davao City who were diagnosed with Recurrent UTI from 2009 to 2013 in terms of personal hygiene, sexual activity and birth control method. Specific Objectives To determine the personal hygiene practices of mothers base on the following parameters: Handwashing Perineal care Type of underwear used Usage and changing of panty liners Changing of sanitary pad during menstruation To determine the sexual activity of these mothers To determine the birth control methods used by mothers Significance of the Study This study will provide a reference point on the personal hygiene practices of mothers regarding UTI. The data gathered will be used as a guide in forming future program strategies in decreasing the prevalence of Recurrent UTI in the area. The results of the study will also serve as an insight on the following parties: Barangay health care providers (doctors, nurses and midwives) to provide and disseminate proper information to BHWs and mothers about the behavioural risk factors that can cause recurrence of UTI; Barangay health workers (BHWs) as the most accessible source of information, they should be equipped with the proper and adequate information regarding the behavioural risk factors causing UTI; Mothers to assess whether their personal hygiene practices are correct. This will also, in a way, equip mothers and correct any malpractices they have. There are indeed many cases of recurrent UTI which were not prevented because the mothers have poor personal hygiene practices. Mothers should therefore be properly equipped with adequate understanding of the personal hygiene practices that can be of great importance in the prevention of UTI. Hence, this knowledge can lead to the resolution of this problem. Definition of Terms Behavioural Risk Factors – the elements that predisposes the mothers in having recurrent UTI. Recurrent UTI – Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection; the reinfection involving the urinary tract including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Mother – a person who has been pregnant and has already given birth regardless of her marital status. Personal Hygiene Practices – set of actions performed to care for one’s health Perineal Care an everyday hygienic practice of washing the perineum Chapter 2 Methodology Research Design Descriptive research was used in this study. The study aims to determine the Behavioural Risk Factors of Mothers diagnosed with Recurrent UTI in Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Tugbok District, Davao City. Locale of the Study The study will be conducted in Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Tugbok District, Davao City. Unit Analysis The subject of this study is a Mother diagnosed with Recurrent UTI residing in Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Tugbok District, Davao City. Sampling A total enumeration of 40 mothers will be included in the study. Variables and Measures Data Collection Procedure The testing in this study is focused on the behavioural risk factors of mothers diagnosed with Recurrent UTI, through the scheduled interview of all Mothers in Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Tugbok District, Davao City. Treatment of Data The data was analyzed using the summary statistics like means and frequency distribution. Ethical Consideration We will provide each participant with informed consent forms. Confidentiality of participants’ information and answers will be of our paramount consideration. Chapter 3 Results This section shows the results of the study. The respondents were the 40 mothers of Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Tugbok District, Davao City. Table 1. The Frequency Distribution of 40 Mothers According to Diagnosed Cases of Recurrent UTI Table 2. The Frequency Distribution of 40 Mothers According to Behavioural Risk Factors Chapter 4 Discussion Limitation of the Study The study was limited to all mothers residing in Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Tugbok, Davao City. This was limited on a scheduled interview with the participants. Diagnosed Cases of Recurrent UTI The results showed that 33 mothers were diagnosed with Recurrent UTI while 7 of them were not diagnosed at all with the infection. Behavioural Risk Factors The results showed that all of the mothers were practicing handwashing before and after doing perinneal care. It also showed that a total enumeration of 40 mothers was washing their perineum everyday in which almost all of them were doing it about 1 to times a day. They knew that it is really important to maintain cleanliness within one’s self. About 24 of the mothers were using water and soap in washing their perineum, 11 mothers were using feminine wash while 5 of the mothers were only using water for perinneal care. Out of the 40 mothers doing perinneal care, 19 were washing their perineum from front to back and the remaining 21 mothers were doing it from back to front. The type of underwear used by 28 mothers was made of cotton while 8 of them used spandex and 4 used silk underwear. 22 mothers interviewed were using panty liners in which 19 of them changes their panty liners once to thrice in a day. Of all mothers, 27 were still having their monthly menstrual period while 13 of them were already menopausal. Among the mothers who were still having menstruation, 18 of them were changing their pads at least 1 to 3 times a day, 8 mothers change 4 to 6 times in a day while only 1 mother changes her pad at least 7 times in a day. There were 29 mothers who were sexually active who all had only 1 sexual partner. 26 of which were doing perinneal washing before sexual intercourse while 28 of the sexually active mothers were doing perinneal care after sexual intercourse and 26 of the said mothers were urinating before and after sexual intercourse. No mother was with catheters at the time of interview. This means that catheter is not the cause of the recurrence of UTI among the 40 mothers in the Purok. Birth control methods were used by only 18 mothers wherein 12 of them did not want to have a baby anymore while the remaining 6 were not yet ready to have a baby. The rest of the 22 mothers were not using any birth control methods because 18 of them were already menopausal and 4 of them were said to be pro-life. On the other hand, out of the 12 mothers who used family planning, 8 mothers used condoms. With these results, it revealed that many of the mothers who were diagnosed with recurrent UTI were having personal hygiene malpractices such as washing their perineum from back to front wherein it moves bacteria from the anus close to the urethra. Another was how often they change their panty liners as well as their sanitary pads in a day as the pads get contaminated with the bodies’ innate organisms. When this happens, organisms will multiply in such warm and moist environment leading to urinary tract infections. Chapter 5 Summary of Results, Conclusion and Recommendations Summary Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevailing infectious diseases with a substantial financial burden on society. Globally, there are an estimated 150 million urinary tract infections per annum. Nearly 20% of women who have UTI will have another, and 30% of those will have yet another, but of the last group, 80% will have recurrences. In the Philippines, UTI is one of the ten leading causes of morbidity in all ages with a rate of 127.84 per 100,000 population. In Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Recurrent UTI is one of the leading causes of morbidity among 40 households with a prevalence of 82.5%. A bulk of 57% comprises of mothers. The results showed that 33 mothers were diagnosed with Recurrent UTI while 7 of them were not diagnosed at all with the infection. The results showed that all of the mothers were practicing handwashing before and after doing perinneal care. It also showed that a total enumeration of 40 mothers was washing their perineum everyday in which almost all of them were doing it about 1 to times a day. About 24 of the mothers were using water and soap in washing their perineum. The type of underwear used by 28 mothers was made of cotton. 22 mothers interviewed were using panty liners in which 19 of them changes their panty liners once to thrice in a day. Among the mothers who were still having menstruation, 18 of them were changing their pads at least 1 to 3 times a day, 8 mothers change 4 to 6 times in a day while only 1 mother changes her pad at least 7 times in a day. 26 out of 29 sexually active mothers were doing perinneal washing before sexual intercourse while 28 of the sexually active mothers were doing perinneal care after sexual intercourse and 26 of the said mothers were urinating before and after sexual intercourse. On the other hand, out of the 12 mothers who used family planning, 8 of them used condoms. With these results, it only revealed that many mothers who were diagnosed with recurrent UTI were having personal hygiene malpractices. Conclusions At the end of the study, we were able to determine the personal hygiene practices of mothers base on handwashing, perineal care, type of underwear used, usage and changing of panty liners, and changing of sanitary pad during menstruation. We were also able to determine the sexual activity of mothers associated with the prevalence of Recurrent UTI. Lastly, we were able to determine the birth control methods used by mothers that predispose them to recurrent UTI such as the use of condoms and IUDs. Recommendations To the City Health Office: conduct lectures and seminars on Recurrent UTI To the Barangay Officials: provide support on the programs on Recurrent UTI To the BHWs: attend lectures and workshops regarding Recurrent UTI

Much Ado About Nothing By Shakespeare Essay -- Papers

Much Ado About Nothing By Shakespeare Shakespeare’s attitude toward courtship and romance combines mature suspicion with an awareness that the social realities surrounding courtship may detract from the fun of romance. The need to marry for social superiority and to ensure inheritance, complicates romantic relationships. Although this play is a comedy ending in multiple marriages and is full of witty dialogue making for many comic moments, it also addresses more serious events, including some that border on tragedy. The personalities of Beatrice and Hero vary greatly, leading them in opposite directions with their relationships, with Beatrice headed towards a good relationship and Hero towards a bad one. The conditions under which Beatrice's and Hero's marriages occur are the effect of their personal beliefs, which relate to their personalities. Beatrice's view on the circumstances under which marriage should occur revolve around the fact that true love must be present. This is shown when Beatrice says, â€Å"With a good leg and a good foot, uncle, and money enough in his purse, such a man would win any woman in the world, if I could get her good will.† (2.1.14-17) Here, she is saying that a man can possess all these qualities, but he can only have a woman is he can get her to love him. Beatrice believes in the principle of true love because she wants her husband to be faithful to her. This is obvious during a conversation between her and her father Antonio: Antonio: In faith, she's too curst. Beatrice: Too curst is more than curst: I shall lessen God's sending that way, for it is said, "God sends a curst cow short horns"; but... ..., leading them in opposite directions with their relationships, with Beatrice headed towards a good relationship and Hero towards a bad one. The circumstances under which their marriages occur, their statuses in their relationships, and the ways their relationships started all play a significant role in the probable outcomes of their relationships. Beatrice's belief in marriage only under the principle of true love, her authoritative status in the relationship, and the plot in which she discovers her true feelings for Benedick all work together to help her have a better relationship. Hero's contrasting beliefs of getting married only in order to uphold family honor, her secondary status in the relationship and her arranged relationship with Claudio lead her in the opposite direction than Beatrice with her relationship.

A Review on the Rich and the Rest of Us

THE RICH AND THE REST OF US: A POVERTY MANIFESTO By Cornel West and Tavis Smiley â€Å"Our intent with The rich and the rest of us is to make [people] think about the pervasiveness of poverty, its real causation, and the threat it poses to our democracy. We want to raise awareness about poverty and discuss how best to end it- in out lifetime. â€Å"(Excerpted from the introduction, page 10-11) When I started with this book, I had expected it to be a book on how depressing poverty is and maybe how to become rich. What I came across was none of that but a realistic approach with some new ideas of how to deal with poverty.The authors have explained everything in simple language that is discernable by everyone and no necessarily economists. It is based on the US economy and not poverty all over the world. It deals with the situation of poverty in the US. Recently with the Presidential election campaign, a lot was said about the difference between the middle class and the rich. Especial ly with the tax cuts issue where tax cuts are being wanted for the middle class and the wealthy shall not be given any cuts. Any household that is earning anything more than $1 million per year should not be paying lesser income tax than what a middle class family does.This book has historical backgrounds, personal stories and statistics to say to us that poverty is not just a big issue but also a national threat along with bringing shame upon USA. It seems that the citizens of America as a whole does not choose to solve this problem. Cornel West and Tavis Smiley are crying out for help to speedily address the growing poverty before it forever distorts the US democracy, values and economic future. The great recession has affected a large number of people who have been forced into poverty and also deepening the poverty that already exists.United States census declares that 50% of all Americans are now in the low income or close to low-income bracket. When the biggest economic institu tions fell due to the recession, they went to the Government for help, which was given to them. But, in turn, the majority of Americans suffered. There were no more jobs and place to live. One-third of the American middle class has fallen into poverty. This book is a fast read that encapsulates current issues with the historic past and obvious advocacy. This book shows how every president has handled the problem of poverty and the change of political and popular attitude towards the poor.They also talk about a â€Å"new poor† that has been added to the homeless, food insecurity and unemployment. They use Martin Luther King as a major example who immersed himself in the subject of poverty before his demise. Though, he saw it as an issue that only affected the African-American population. The new poverty is not like the poverty we associate with wrongdoing. This new poverty is the â€Å"working poor† who have jobs and sometimes more than one person in d family is earning . Just they are not being paid enough to sustain themselves and their families.They have no unions to protect their interests, no benefits like medical or retirement and long working hours. There is no surety of jobs and no guarantee so every worker is one salary away from poverty and also one lay off away. Basically Smiley and West has started a War for the poor. They are trying to give a voice to those less fortunate. For them, their ultimate goal is to try and give back the American dream, which has now been down sized and outsourced. They say that during the presidential elections on 2012 both the parties never said the word poor or poverty.Another important aspect of the book is the Occupy movement. It was what marked the state of their inequality in economics and an ongoing change in America’s policies and priorities. Tavis Smiley says in the book â€Å"We wanted people who are struggling in this current economy to know that they are not alone and not forgotten. † It tells us about a imperfect system where there is no economic equality. Even though America is changing into a nation of major minority, it does not have the market unity to ensure success. The poverty manifesto talks about twelve points about what steps to be taken to help the situation.First and foremost fair wages should be given to the people so that they are enough to live on. Then the Government needs to introduce more jobs; the prison and mass incarceration rates need to be looked at, tax codes, fair inflation rates. The most imperative of all is to release a call for a conference at the White House on the abolition of poverty and for that a sample letter must be sent to the President. This book says that USA is in a state of emergency, and that they should stand up and take some action. They need to work towards sustaining solutions and jobs with living wages.Unless they do that, they will not get the status of a great nation back. The efforts have to come from bottom up and will need brave leadership at the top most level to get back America in old form. Politics is run by money, and people with substantial amounts can actually affect the public policy. It is how the democracy of USA was designed and not much has changed since it was founded. The only major difference is that now corporations influence more than individuals now. The power of money is the same no matter whether you are a republican or a democrat.I find that the first part of the book is very good. It gives us a good look into poverty and backing it up by statistics and graphs. West and Smiley delve in deeper and examine the emotions comprised in poverty. I enjoyed the way it is written and how the authors provide us with two different voices. Personally I think that the book lacks where the solutions are concerned. No doubt hay have given some ideas on how to take on the problem but most seems repetitive and doesn’t seem like they are thorough. After reading the book I have a much better understanding of the poverty situation in America.I had heard the presidential debates and the speeches but never really understood the seriousness till I read this book. This book is highly recommended for all those to want to face problems by smart public policy, which would end up getting work for people and also providing the structure and services needed. A new economy can be created that will be supportable and progressive. One that will put the citizens on America back to work, just, the right leadership is needed. A Review by Ritika Malhotra 1153 words [Turnitin similarity: 5%]

The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Essay Example The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Paper The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Paper Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean in South Asia, 65 610 square kg metres in country, divided into nine administrative states where population of about 21 million in 2009. The state measures about 400 kilometres from North to South and 250 kilometer from East to West. The entire length of roadway in Sri Lanka is 112,603 kilometer in 2009. The figure of vehicles in Sri Lanka in 2009 is 2,245,108. By 1948, when Sri Lanka became independent, there were about 11,000 kilometers of roads, of which about 7,000 kilometers were paved. Sri Lanka has a route web of approximately 112,603km, consisting about 11,760 kilometers of national roads ; 15,743 kilometer of provincial roads ; 80,600 kilometer of local authorization roads ; and 4,500 kilometer of roads owned or controlled by irrigation, wildlife, and land development governments. These national main roads comprise roads that are categorized as Class A and B roads, the highest classs in Sri Lanka s route hierarchy. Provincial roads are categorized as Class C, D, and E roads. While the capacity of local and rural roads has been expanded since 1948, most of the bole roads day of the month back to pre-independence old ages and their capacity has become unequal owing in portion to neglected care. Road conditions are by and large hapless. Roadss are the spinal column of the conveyance sector in Sri Lanka. They are important for the motion of people and goods and play a critical function in incorporating the state, easing economic growing, and finally cut downing poorness. National roads are keeping over 70 per centum of the traffic in Sri Lanka. Roadss are really of import for the big bulk of Sri Lanka s people who live in the small towns. They are frequently the lone manner for most rural people to make necessary services such as infirmaries, schools, markets, and Bankss, which are largely situated far from their small towns. 1.2 Problem Background The installation of smooth traffic motion is an decoration every bit good as an plus to any metropolis. But capital metropolis of Sri Lanka is confronting a large job with traffic job. Traffic job has aggravated by the attending of all signifiers economic, commercial and administrative maps in the metropolis. The metropolis of Colombo attracts about 1.5 Million drifting population on a on the job twenty-four hours and with the add-on of the resident population in the metropolis. The entire population in the metropolis increases to more than 2 Million during the daylight. It is estimated that approximately 50 % of the transposing population arrives in the metropolis for employment or to link in commercial activities and or to go to educational establishments. The remainder comes to the metropolis for assorted other intents. Commuting population are used assorted signifiers of transit to come in the metropolis. Both the figure of vehicles and the riders come ining the City are increasing twelvemonth by twelvemonth. Traffic congestion is often increasing as more and more people buy vehicles. At the same clip the residential population and the ownership of vehicles within the metropolis bounds will besides see a singular growing. Vehicles are come ining to the City from 9 entry points on working yearss have been estimated to be about 275,000, and this is in add-on to the part to the traffic floor by the usage of vehicles of the occupants in the metropolis. The combination of these facets outcome is a greater attractive force of the metropolis for people from the remainder of the state therefore worsening the conveyance job in the metropolis of Colombo. 2. Reasons for traffic congestion The figure of vehicles in the metropolis is non the lone factor that contributes to congestion. There are several other grounds for this traffic congestion. 2.1 The current traffic signal web A signal operation system is indispensable to route efficiency. There are so many traffic circles and hamlets where no traffic signals are installed in every topographic point. These topographic points are celebrated for traffic blocks since many automobilists and walkers do non follow the prevalent regulations. Pedestrians are crossed roads without regular intervals and utilizing manus signals. It seems that the current traffic signal web in Colombo is deficient to keep monolithic sums of traffic volume. 2.2 The current route system Massive main roads, many Bridgess, and tunnels can non be found all over the state like South Korea. Most of the roads are little and narrow.The conditions and criterions of the roads are unequal to run into quickly turning cargo and rider traffic. More than 50 % of the national roads have hapless or really hapless surface status and many are earnestly congested. The range for widening roads on bing alliances is limited chiefly because of land acquisition issues. 2.3 Inadequate investing Despite the significant additions in traffic volume at that place have been unequal investings for building of new main roads or broadening and bettering bing roads. Over the past old ages the investing in the route sector has been chiefly determined on the rehabilitation of the bing route web. 2.4 Mixed traffic system National main roads, which are by and large two-lane, has been unable to transport the current volume of assorted traffic ( walkers, motorcycles, coachs, three-wheelers, and motor vehicles ) . Increasing traffic volumes and a traffic mix consisting of motorised and non-motorized traffic have resulted in low travel velocities, terrible traffic congestions, and increased accident rates. 2.5 Street sellers There are illegal buildings and street sellers are making their concerns in waysides. In most roads passage through waysides is obstructed by these street sellers. Uncontrolled wayside development and concerns has reduced the capacity of the route web. 2.6 Illegal parking Illegal parking significantly contributes to congestion and impedes the traffic flow. Cities suffer in Sri Lanka from unenforced drive and parking ordinances. Although Vehicles parking in waysides is illegal in the state most of automobilists are parking their vehicles in waysides ground for that is restriction of parking topographic points. 2.7 Sidewalks for walkers In capital metropolis, most of roads have constructed without pavements for walkers. When walkers are walking side on the route the bing roads have translated to as narrow roads. 3. Datas analysis In this portion has concerned about most relevant informations in connexion with traffic congestion. Although South Korea has provided more installations for their conveyance system they besides are possessed job with congestion. In South Koreans has enjoyed with many main roads, Bridgess, tunnels, and express ways in connexion with their conveyance system. In sing about traffic congestion can be considered as population, no of vehicles, no of accident and no of individuals killed in accident are the most of import factors. In the undermentioned information has been attending about compare information with South Korea and Sri Lanka. 3.1 Population The following table no 1 and figure no1 has included information about population in thousand in two states. Table no 1.Population in two states Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sri Lanka Population ( 1000 ) 18,713 18,797 18,921 19,173 19,462 19,668 19,886 20,010 20,156 20,303 South Korea population ( 1000 ) 47,008 47,357 47,622 47,859 48,039 48,138 48,297 48,456 48,607 48,747 Beginning: Central Bank of Sri Lanka www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 1.Population in two states Beginning: Central Bank of Sri Lanka www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 When sing about this information South Korea population is higher than Sri Lanka ground for that Sri Lanka is a little state than South Korea. 3.2 No of registered vehicles Other most of import factor is no of registered vehicles in these two states. In table no 2 and 3 are provided entire no of vehicles in two states. Table no 2. No of registered vehicle in South Korea Year Registered Vehicle ( 1000 ) Increasing Rate ( % ) 2001 12,910 7.1 2002 13,950 8 2003 14,590 4.6 2004 14,930 2.4 2005 15,400 3.1 2006 15,900 3.2 2007 16,430 3.4 2008 16,790 2.2 Beginning: www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Table no 3. No of registered vehicle in Sri Lanka Year Registered Vehicle ( 1000 ) Increasing Rate ( % ) 2001 1,779 2002 1,892 6.3 2003 2,074 9.7 2004 2,298 10.8 2005 2,527 10 2006 2,828 12 2007 3,126 10.5 2008 3,391 8.5 Beginning: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Figure no 2.Registered vehicles in South Korea Beginning: www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 3.Registered vehicles in Sri Lanka Beginning: Central Bank of Sri Lanka In comparing with 2001 the no of vehicles has increased in 30 % twelvemonth 2008 in South Korea. There are 91 % important increase in Sri Lanka comparison with 2001 and 2008. Although degree of increased of entire no of vehicles in both states has decreased it is really important in 2004 in South Korea. 3.3 Traffic Accident in South Korea In the undermentioned tabular arraies and figures have been discussed about traffic accident volume and how many people killed by route accident in both states. Table no 4.Traffic Accident in South Korea Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Traffic Accidents Volume 290,481 260,579 230,953 240,832 220,755 214,171 213,745 211,662 251,822 Person Killed 10,236 8,097 7,090 7,212 6,563 6,376 6,327 6,166 5,870 Beginning: www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Table no 5.Traffic Accident in Sri Lanka Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Traffic Accidents Volume 54,250 52,092 55,031 59,494 53,458 42,537 35,763 33,993 31,872 Person Killed 1992 1952 2029 1933 2116 2236 2238 2402 2328 Beginning: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Figure no 4. Traffic Accident in South Korea Beginning: www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 5. Traffic Accident in Sri Lanka Beginning: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Although traffic accident volume has been decreased up to 2007 there is a considerable increase in 2008 in South Korea. In comparing with 2007, the traffic volume has been increased in 19 % in the twelvemonth 2008. In sing about Sri Lanka information the highest accident volume has been reported in twelvemonth 2003.The sum is 59,494 accidents. After 2003, there are noteworthy decreased in the traffic volume of Sri Lanka. When concerned about no of killed individual in accident there are large different with two state. Although in South Korea the no of killed individual in accident has been decreased twelvemonth by twelvemonth the Sri Lanka state of affairs is different. There has been reported a important increase about no of individual killed in accident. 4. Solutions for jobs 4.1 Traffic signal web To react traffic congestion in capital metropolis must be established new traffic signals in every traffic circle, cross route and necessary topographic points. It will be appreciable affected to cut down traffic congestion. The traffic signal web is established in 100 % in the developed states and many of other states. 4.2 Improve route substructure. It is necessary to build a modern route web, and upgrade bing roads to run into the state s economic and societal development demands. In add-on to the demand for bettering and rehabilitating deteriorated roads, there is an pressing demand to ship on a plan for the building of new intercity main roads. In sing about route substructure should concern about pavements and illegal buildings. It will be helped to ease more route infinite to the automobilist on the route. 4.3 Private sector investing The Government has limited capacity to finance public investings. Advanced funding schemes particularly private sector investing will be needed to mobilise sufficient support for such main roads. Using these financess can be improved route care and building and do route development sustainable. The authorities should advance private sector engagement in route substructure betterment. 4.4 Transport Planning and Coordination. Transport sector duties in Sri Lanka have been widen over a battalion of ministries and bureaus, taking to a extremely disconnected construction of decision-making. At present there are nine ministries with a direct duty for conveyance substructure. When taking determinations sing route substructure it have been affected for all these governments. In the past decennaries, many determinations have non match and there are besides large statement about these determinations. The Sri Lankan authorities should take necessary stairss to set up one establishment from garnering these all relevant establishments to supply a better conveyance services. 5. Policy execution 5.1 A national policy sing traffic signal The traffic signals will assist to better traffic flow on roads. These stairss would guarantee less traffic congestion and traffic accidents compare with old state of affairs. 5.2 Private investing Harmonizing to current state of affairs in the state, authorities should believe a national policy sing private investing on the route substructure. Lack of finance state of affairs in the authorities, this measure will be helped to authorities to better the route substructure in the state. 5.3 Reduce responsible establishments In present there are several establishments in sing route conveyance. It would non be good to taking the determinations. In sing that, can be arrange these all establishments under one policy sing the route transit. 6. Decision The efficiency of Sri Lanka s conveyance sector has blocked by a assortment of restraints. Sri Lanka depends on foreign trade and it can be increased by efficient conveyance web in the state. Globalization of trade has risen non merely from the liberalisation of trade, but besides from major progresss in communications, conveyance, and storage engineerings. On clip bringing of merchandises and riders has become a consequence of good transit web. For travel of people and transit of factors of production, semi-finished goods, and manufactured merchandises will necessitate efficient conveyance services. After following effectual and efficient policies sing transit web can be achieved a better conveyance web in the state.

critics of functionalists view on education Essay Example

critics of functionalists view on education Essay Example critics of functionalists view on education Essay critics of functionalists view on education Essay Critically evaluate the functionalist perspective on education (20 marks) Functionalists perspective on education is based on the consensus theory of equality. They tend to believe that education helps to maintain society by socialising young people with the value of achievement, competition and equality of opportunity. Education also teaches the skills to help the economy. For example, literacy, numeracy and IT for particular occupations. Role allocation is all part of this; education allocates people to the most appropriate Jobs of their talents, using xaminations and qualifications. Durkheim identified two main functions of education: creating social solidarity and teaching specialist skills. The government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. The family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good Jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. If all goes well, the parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. Functionalism emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society, focusing on social stability and shared public values. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. When one part of the system is not working or is dysfunctional, it affects all other parts and creates social problems, which leads to social change. Functionalists see education as a process hat instils the shared values of society as a whole, where everyone has a chance at education and also has a chance of achieving the best Job for themselves. However Marxists argue with this and believe that education is a capitalist society only transmitting the ideology of a minority in this case the ruling class. As the capitalist society is based on inequality, they argue unlike functionalists that meritocracy does not exist, as the main factor determining whether someone is has a high income is their family and class not on how they achieved in education.